Adolescence is characterized by developmental changes in social relationships, which may contribute to, or protect against, psychopathology and risky behaviors. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one type of risky behavior that typically begins during adolescence and is associated with problems in relationships with family members and peers. Prior research on social factors in adolescent NSSI has been limited, however, by a narrow focus on specific interpersonal domains, cross-sectional methods, retrospective self-report of childhood experiences, and a failure to predict NSSI onset among as-yet-unaffected youth. We investigated these relationships in 2127 urban-living adolescent girls with no NSSI history at age 13, who were participating in a longitudinal cohort study (Pittsburgh Girls Study). We used discrete-time survival analyses to examine the contribution of time-varying interpersonal risk factors, assessed yearly at ages 13–16, to NSSI onset assessed in the following year (ages 14–17), controlling for relevant covariates, such as depression and race. We considered both behavioral indicators (parental discipline, positive parenting, parental monitoring, peer victimization), and cognitive/affective indicators (quality of attachment to parent, perceptions of peers, and perceptions of one’s own social competence and worth in relation to peers) of interpersonal difficulties. Parental harsh punishment, low parental monitoring, and poor quality of attachment to parent predicted increased odds of subsequent adolescent NSSI onset, whereas positive parenting behaviors reduced the odds of next year NSSI onset. Youth who reported more frequent peer victimization, poorer social self-worth and self-competence, and more negative perceptions of peers were also at increased risk of NSSI onset in the following year. When tested simultaneously, no single parenting variable showed a unique association with later NSSI onset; in contrast, peer victimization and poor social self-worth each predicted increased odds of later NSSI onset in an omnibus model of peer and parent relationship characteristics. In this urban sample of adolescent girls, both peer and parent factors predicted new onset NSSI, although only peer factors were associated with subsequent NSSI in combined multivariate models. Results further suggest that both behavioral and cognitive/affective indicators of interpersonal problems predict NSSI onset. These findings highlight the relevance of family and peer relationships to NSSI onset, with implications for prevention of NSSI onset among at-risk youth.

中文翻译：

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父母和同伴关系作为青少年非自杀性自伤发作的纵向预测因素。

青春期的特点是社会关系的发展变化，这可能有助于或防止精神病理学和危险行为。非自杀性自伤 (NSSI) 是一种风险行为，通常在青春期开始，并与与家庭成员和同龄人的关系问题有关。然而，先前对青少年 NSSI 社会因素的研究受到限制，仅限于特定的人际关系领域、横断面方法、童年经历的回顾性自我报告，以及未能预测尚未受影响的青少年中 NSSI 的发作. 我们调查了 2127 名 13 岁时没有 NSSI 病史的城市生活少女的这些关系，她们正在参加一项纵向队列研究（匹兹堡女孩研究）。我们使用离散时间生存分析来检查随时间变化的人际风险因素（每年在 13-16 岁评估）对次年（14-17 岁）评估的 NSSI 发作的贡献，控制相关协变量，例如抑郁症和种族。我们考虑了行为指标（父母管教、积极养育、父母监督、同伴受害）和认知/情感指标（对父母的依恋质量、对同伴的看法以及对自己的社会能力和与同伴相关的价值的看法）人际关系困难。父母严厉的惩罚、父母监督低下和对父母的依恋质量差预示着随后青少年 NSSI 发作的几率增加，而积极的养育行为降低了明年 NSSI 发作的几率。报告更频繁的同伴受害、较差的社会自我价值和自我能力以及对同伴有更多负面看法的青年在接下来的一年中发生 NSSI 的风险也增加了。当同时测试时，没有单一的育儿变量显示出与后来 NSSI 发病的独特关联；相比之下，同伴受害和较差的社会自我价值在同伴和父母关系特征的综合模型中都预测了后来 NSSI 发作的几率增加。在这个青春期女孩的城市样本中，同伴和父母因素都预测新发 NSSI，尽管在组合多变量模型中只有同伴因素与随后的 NSSI 相关。结果进一步表明，人际关系问题的行为和认知/情感指标都可以预测 NSSI 的发作。