Between 2009 and 2014, nearly 3% of US children (age ≤ 17 years) lived in households with at least 1 parent with substance use disorder. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate effects of parental opioid use disorder on the parent–child relationship and child developmental and behavioral outcomes. Several databases were comprehensively searched for studies published from January 1980 through February 2018 that reviewed effects of parental opioid addiction on parent–child relationships and outcomes of children (age, 0–16 years). Of 304 unique studies, 12 evaluated effects of parental opioid addiction on the parent–child relationship as the primary outcome and on children’s outcomes, including behaviors and development. Observation of mother–child interaction showed that mothers with opioid use disorders are more irritable, ambivalent, and disinterested while showing greater difficulty interpreting children’s cues compared with the control group. Children of parents with opioid use disorders showed greater disorganized attachment; they were less likely to seek contact and more avoidant than children in the control group. The children also had increased risk of emotional and behavioral issues, poor academic performance, and poor social skills. Younger children had increased risk of abuse or neglect, or both, that later in life may lead to such difficulties as unemployment, legal issues, and substance abuse. Current evidence shows association between parental opioid addiction and poorer mother–child attachment and suboptimal child developmental and behavioral outcomes. Further research and treatment targeting children and families with parental opioid use are needed to prevent difficulties later in life.

中文翻译：

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父母使用阿片类药物对亲子关系以及儿童发育和行为结果的影响：对已发表报告的系统评价

2009 年至 2014 年间，近 3% 的美国儿童（年龄≤17 岁）生活在至少有一位父母患有物质使用障碍的家庭中。本系统评价旨在评估父母阿片类药物使用障碍对亲子关系以及儿童发育和行为结果的影响。对几个数据库进行了全面搜索，以查找 1980 年 1 月至 2018 年 2 月发表的研究，这些研究回顾了父母阿片类药物成瘾对亲子关系和儿童（年龄 0-16 岁）的影响。在 304 项独特的研究中，12 项评估了父母阿片类药物成瘾对作为主要结果的亲子关系和儿童结果（包括行为和发展）的影响。对母子互动的观察表明，患有阿片类药物使用障碍的母亲更加易怒、矛盾、与对照组相比，在解释儿童线索时表现出更大的困难，并且不感兴趣。患有阿片类药物使用障碍的父母的孩子表现出更大的无组织依恋；与对照组的儿童相比，他们寻求接触的可能性更小，回避率更高。这些孩子出现情绪和行为问题、学习成绩差和社交技能差的风险也增加了。年幼的孩子受到虐待或忽视的风险增加，或两者兼而有之，在以后的生活中可能会导致失业、法律问题和药物滥用等困难。目前的证据表明，父母阿片类药物成瘾与较差的母子依恋以及次优的儿童发育和行为结果之间存在关联。