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Roles of phosphatidylserine exposed on the viral envelope and cell membrane in HIV-1 replication.
Cell Communication and Signaling ( IF 8.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-21 , DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0452-1
Bernadette Anne Chua 1 , Jamie Ann Ngo 1 , Kathy Situ 1 , Kouki Morizono 1, 2
Affiliation  

Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is usually present only in the inner leaf of the lipid bilayers of the cell membrane, but is exposed on the outer leaf when cells are activated and/or die. Exposure of PtdSer has physiological functions. For example, the PtdSer exposed on dead cells can serve as "eat-me signals" for phagocytes to clear dead cells by phagocytosis, which prevents autoimmune reactions and inflammation. HIV-1 induces PtdSer exposure on infected and target cells and it also exposes PtdSer on its envelope. Recent studies showed that PtdSer exposed on the HIV-1 envelope and infected and target cells can facilitate or inhibit multiple steps of HIV-1 replication.At the virus binding and entry steps, interaction of the envelope PtdSer and the host's PtdSer-binding molecules can enhance HIV-1 infection of cells by facilitating virus attachment. At the virus budding step, HIV-1 can be trapped on the cell surface by one family of PtdSer-binding receptors, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain proteins (TIM)-1, 3, and 4 expressed on virus producer cells. Although this trapping can inhibit release of HIV-1, one of the HIV-1 accessory gene products, Negative Factor (Nef), can counteract virus trapping by TIM family receptors (TIMs) by inducing the internalization of these receptors. HIV-1 infection can induce exposure of PtdSer on infected cells by inducing cell death. A soluble PtdSer-binding protein in serum, protein S, bridges PtdSer exposed on HIV-1-infected cells and a receptor tyrosine kinase, Mer, expressed on macrophages and mediate phagocytic clearance of HIV-1 infected cells. HIV-1 can also induce exposure of PtdSer on target cells at the virus binding step. Binding of HIV-1 envelope proteins to its receptor (CD4) and co-receptors (CXCR4 or CCR5) elicit signals that induce PtdSer exposure on target cells by activating TMEM16F, a phospholipid scramblase. PtdSer exposed on target cells enhances HIV-1 infection by facilitating fusion between the viral envelope and target cell membrane. Because various other phospholipid channels mediating PtdSer exposure have recently been identified, it will be of interest to examine how HIV-1 actively interacts with these molecules to manipulate PtdSer exposure levels on cells and viral envelope to support its replication.

中文翻译:

暴露在病毒包膜和细胞膜上的磷脂酰丝氨酸在HIV-1复制中的作用。

磷脂酰丝氨酸(PtdSer)通常仅存在于细胞膜脂质双层的内叶中,但是当细胞被激活和/或死亡时暴露在外叶上。暴露PtdSer具有生理功能。例如,暴露在死细胞上的PtdSer可以作为吞噬细胞通过吞噬作用清除死细胞的“吃我信号”,从而防止自身免疫反应和炎症。HIV-1会在感染和靶细胞上诱导PtdSer暴露,并且还会在其包膜上暴露PtdSer。最近的研究表明,暴露在HIV-1包膜上的PtdSer和被感染的靶细胞可以促进或抑制HIV-1复制的多个步骤。在病毒的结合和进入步骤,包膜PtdSer与宿主的相互作用 PtdSer结合分子可通过促进病毒附着来增强HIV-1细胞感染。在病毒出芽步骤中,HIV-1可以被一个PtdSer结合受体家族,在病毒生产者细胞上表达的T细胞免疫球蛋白粘蛋白域蛋白(TIM)-1、3和4捕获在细胞表面。尽管这种诱捕可以抑制HIV-1的释放,但HIV-1辅助基因产物之一负因子(Nef)可以通过诱导这些受体的内在化作用来抵消TIM家族受体(TIMs)诱捕的病毒。HIV-1感染可通过诱导细胞死亡来诱导PtdSer在感染细胞上的暴露。血清中的可溶性PtdSer结合蛋白S桥接暴露在HIV-1感染的细胞上的PtdSer和在巨噬细胞上表达的受体酪氨酸激酶Mer并介导HIV-1感染细胞的吞噬清除。HIV-1还可以在病毒结合步骤中诱导PtdSer暴露于靶细胞上。HIV-1包膜蛋白与其受体(CD4)和共受体(CXCR4或CCR5)的结合会引发信号,该信号通过激活TMEM16F(一种磷脂加液酶)在靶细胞上诱导PtdSer暴露。靶细胞上暴露的PtdSer通过促进病毒包膜和靶细胞膜之间的融合而增强HIV-1感染。因为最近已经发现了各种其他介导PtdSer暴露的磷脂通道,所以研究HIV-1如何与这些分子相互作用以操纵细胞和病毒包膜上的PtdSer暴露水平以支持其复制将引起人们的兴趣。HIV-1包膜蛋白与其受体(CD4)和共受体(CXCR4或CCR5)的结合会引发信号,该信号通过激活TMEM16F(一种磷脂加液酶)在靶细胞上诱导PtdSer暴露。靶细胞上暴露的PtdSer通过促进病毒包膜和靶细胞膜之间的融合而增强HIV-1感染。因为最近已经发现了各种其他介导PtdSer暴露的磷脂通道,所以研究HIV-1如何与这些分子相互作用以操纵细胞和病毒包膜上的PtdSer暴露水平以支持其复制将引起人们的兴趣。HIV-1包膜蛋白与其受体(CD4)和共受体(CXCR4或CCR5)的结合会引发信号,该信号通过激活TMEM16F(一种磷脂加液酶)在靶细胞上诱导PtdSer暴露。通过促进病毒包膜和靶细胞膜之间的融合,暴露于靶细胞上的PtdSer可增强HIV-1感染。由于最近已经发现了其他各种介导PtdSer暴露的磷脂通道,因此研究HIV-1如何与这些分子相互作用以操纵细胞和病毒包膜上的PtdSer暴露水平以支持其复制将引起人们的兴趣。
更新日期:2019-11-28
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