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Statistical approaches to identify subgroups in meta-analysis of individual participant data: a simulation study.
BMC Medical Research Methodology ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-02 , DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0817-6
Michail Belias 1 , Maroeska M Rovers 1 , Johannes B Reitsma 2, 3 , Thomas P A Debray 2, 3 , Joanna IntHout 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Individual participant data meta-analysis (IPD-MA) is considered the gold standard for investigating subgroup effects. Frequently used regression-based approaches to detect subgroups in IPD-MA are: meta-regression, per-subgroup meta-analysis (PS-MA), meta-analysis of interaction terms (MA-IT), naive one-stage IPD-MA (ignoring potential study-level confounding), and centred one-stage IPD-MA (accounting for potential study-level confounding). Clear guidance on the analyses is lacking and clinical researchers may use approaches with suboptimal efficiency to investigate subgroup effects in an IPD setting. Therefore, our aim is to overview and compare the aforementioned methods, and provide recommendations over which should be preferred. METHODS We conducted a simulation study where we generated IPD of randomised trials and varied the magnitude of subgroup effect (0, 25, 50% relative reduction), between-study treatment effect heterogeneity (none, medium, large), ecological bias (none, quantitative, qualitative), sample size (50,100,200), and number of trials (5,10) for binary, continuous and time-to-event outcomes. For each scenario, we assessed the power, false positive rate (FPR) and bias of aforementioned five approaches. RESULTS Naive and centred IPD-MA yielded the highest power, whilst preserving acceptable FPR around the nominal 5% in all scenarios. Centred IPD-MA showed slightly less biased estimates than naïve IPD-MA. Similar results were obtained for MA-IT, except when analysing binary outcomes (where it yielded less power and FPR < 5%). PS-MA showed similar power as MA-IT in non-heterogeneous scenarios, but power collapsed as heterogeneity increased, and decreased even more in the presence of ecological bias. PS-MA suffered from too high FPRs in non-heterogeneous settings and showed biased estimates in all scenarios. Meta-regression showed poor power (< 20%) in all scenarios and completely biased results in settings with qualitative ecological bias. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that subgroup detection in IPD-MA requires careful modelling. Naive and centred IPD-MA performed equally well, but due to less bias of the estimates in the presence of ecological bias, we recommend the latter.

中文翻译:

在个体参与者数据的荟萃分析中识别亚组的统计方法:一项模拟研究。

背景技术个体参与者数据荟萃分析(IPD-MA)被认为是研究亚组效应的黄金标准。常用的基于回归的方法来检测IPD-MA中的子组是:元回归,每个子组的元分析(PS-MA),交互项的元分析(MA-IT),幼稚的一阶段IPD-MA (忽略潜在的研究级混淆),并集中进行一阶段IPD-MA(考虑潜在的研究级混淆)。缺乏对分析的明确指导,临床研究人员可能会使用次优效率的方法来研究IPD环境中的亚组效应。因此,我们的目的是概述和比较上述方法,并提供应首选的建议。方法我们进行了一项模拟研究,其中我们生成了随机试验的IPD,并改变了亚组效应的幅度(0、25、50%相对降低),研究之间的治疗效应异质性(无,中,大),生态偏倚(无,定量,定性),样本量(50,100,200)和二元,连续和事件发生时间的试验次数(5,10)。对于每种情况,我们评估了上述五种方法的功效,假阳性率(FPR)和偏差。结果天真的和居中的IPD-MA产生了最高的功率,同时在所有情况下都将可接受的FPR保持在标称5%左右。与单纯的IPD-MA相比,居中的IPD-MA估计偏差略少。MA-IT获得了相似的结果,除了分析二进制结果时(它产生的功率较小且FPR <5%)。在非异构场景中,PS-MA的功率与MA-IT相似,但随着异质性的增加,功率崩溃,而在存在生态偏见的情况下,功率下降的幅度甚至更大。PS-MA在非异构环境中的FPR太高,并且在所有情况下均显示有偏差的估计。元回归在所有情况下均显示出较差的功效(<20%),并且在具有定性生态偏向的环境中完全偏向结果。结论我们的结果表明IPD-MA中的亚组检测需要仔细建模。幼稚的IPD-MA和居中的IPD-MA的效果都一样好,但是由于存在生态偏差时估计值的偏差较小,我们建议使用后者。PS-MA在非异构环境中的FPR太高,并且在所有情况下均显示有偏差的估计。元回归在所有情况下均显示出较差的功效(<20%),并且在具有定性生态偏向的环境中完全偏向结果。结论我们的结果表明IPD-MA中的亚组检测需要仔细建模。幼稚的IPD-MA和居中的IPD-MA的效果都一样好,但是由于存在生态偏差时估计值的偏差较小,因此我们建议后者。PS-MA在非异构环境中的FPR太高,并且在所有情况下均显示有偏差的估计。元回归在所有情况下均显示出较差的功效(<20%),并且在具有定性生态偏向的环境中完全偏向结果。结论我们的结果表明IPD-MA中的亚组检测需要仔细建模。幼稚的IPD-MA和居中的IPD-MA的效果都一样好,但是由于存在生态偏差时估计值的偏差较小,我们建议使用后者。
更新日期:2019-09-02
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