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Is the non-identity problem relevant to public health and policy? An online survey.
BMC Medical Ethics ( IF 3.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-05 , DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0379-5
Keyur Doolabh 1 , Lucius Caviola 2, 3 , Julian Savulescu 2 , Michael J Selgelid 4 , Dominic Wilkinson 2, 5
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND The non-identity problem arises when our actions in the present could change which people will exist in the future, for better or worse. Is it morally better to improve the lives of specific future people, as compared to changing which people exist for the better? Affecting the timing of fetuses being conceived is one case where present actions change the identity of future people. This is relevant to questions of public health policy, as exemplified in some responses to the Zika epidemic. There is philosophical disagreement about the relevance of non-identity: some hold that non-identity is not relevant, while others think that the only morally relevant actions are those that affect specific people. Given this disagreement, we investigated the intuitions about the moral relevance of non-identity within an educated sample of the public, because there was previously little empirical data on the public's views on the non-identity problem. METHODS We performed an online survey with a sample of the educated general public. The survey assessed participants' preferences between person-affecting and impersonal interventions for Zika, and their views on other non-identity thought experiments, once the non-identity problem had been explained. It aimed to directly measure the importance of non-identity in participants' moral decision-making. RESULTS We collected 763 valid responses from the survey. Half of the participants (50%) had a graduate degree, 47% had studied philosophy at a university level, and 20% had read about the non-identity problem before. Most participants favoured person-affecting interventions for Zika over impersonal ones, but the majority claimed that non-identity did not influence their decision (66% of those preferring person-affecting interventions, 95% of those preferring impersonal ones). In one non-identity thought experiment participants were divided, but in another they primarily answered that impersonally reducing the quality of life of future people would be wrong, harmful and blameworthy, even though no specific individuals would be worse off. CONCLUSIONS Non-identity appeared to play a minor role in participants' moral decision-making. Moreover, participants seem to either misunderstand the non-identity problem, or hold non-counterfactual views of harm that do not define harm as making someone worse off than they would have been otherwise.

中文翻译:

非身份问题与公共卫生和政策有关吗?在线调查。

背景技术当我们目前的行动可能改变未来将存在的人们(好或坏)时,就会出现非身份问题。与改变哪个人的生活变得更好相比,改善特定未来人的生活在道德上是否更好?影响胎儿受孕时间的一种情况是,目前的行为会改变未来人们的身份。这与公共卫生政策问题有关,这在对寨卡病毒的一些应对措施中得到了体现。关于非同一性的相关性在哲学上存在分歧:有些人认为非同一性是不相关的,而另一些人则认为,唯一与道德相关的行为是影响特定人群的行为。鉴于这种分歧,我们调查了受过教育的公众样本中关于非认同的道德相关性的直觉,因为以前公众对于非身份问题的看法很少有经验数据。方法我们对受过良好教育的公众样本进行了在线调查。这项调查评估了参与者对Zika的影响,包括人为干预和非人为干预之间的偏好,以及他们对非身份问题实验后对其他非身份思想实验的看法。它旨在直接衡量非身份认同在参与者道德决策中的重要性。结果我们从调查中收集了763个有效答案。一半的参与者(50%)拥有研究生学位,47%的人曾在大学学习过哲学,20%的人以前曾阅读过有关身份认同的问题。与非人格干预相比,大多数参与者更喜欢Zika的人为干预措施,但是大多数人声称,不认同不会影响他们的决定(66%的人更喜欢影响人身的干预措施,95%的人更倾向于非人为干预的干预措施)。在一个非身份思维实验参与者中,参与者被分开了,但是在另一个参与者中,他们主要回答说,即使没有特定的人会变得更糟,以个人的方式降低未来人们的生活质量也是错误的,有害的和应受谴责的。结论非身份认同在参与者的道德决策中似乎起着较小的作用。而且,参与者似乎要么误解了非身份问题,要么持有对损害的非反事实观点,认为损害不会使某人变得比他们本来要糟的更糟。95%的人更喜欢非个人化的人)。在一个非身份思维实验参与者中,参与者被分开了,但是在另一个参与者中,他们主要回答说,即使没有特定的人会变得更糟,以个人的方式降低未来人们的生活质量也是错误的,有害的和应受谴责的。结论非身份认同在参与者的道德决策中似乎起着较小的作用。而且,参与者似乎要么误解了非身份问题,要么持有对损害的非反事实观点,认为损害不会使某人变得比他们本来要糟的更糟。95%的人更喜欢非个人化的人)。在一个非身份思维实验参与者中,参与者被分开了,但是在另一个参与者中,他们主要回答说,即使没有特定的人会变得更糟,以个人的方式降低未来人们的生活质量也是错误的,有害的和应受谴责的。结论非身份认同在参与者的道德决策中似乎起着较小的作用。而且,参与者似乎要么误解了非身份问题,要么持有对损害的非反事实观点,认为损害不会使某人变得比他们本来会更糟。即使没有特定的人会变得更糟。结论非身份认同在参与者的道德决策中似乎起着较小的作用。而且,参与者似乎要么误解了非身份问题,要么持有对损害的非反事实观点,认为损害不会使某人变得比他们本来会更糟。即使没有特定的人会变得更糟。结论非身份认同在参与者的道德决策中似乎起着较小的作用。而且,参与者似乎要么误解了非身份问题,要么持有对损害的非反事实观点,认为损害不会使某人变得比他们本来要糟的更糟。
更新日期:2019-07-05
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