Oncolytic viruses have been proposed to be employed as a potential treatment of cancer. Well targeted, they will serve the purpose of cracking tumor cells without causing damage to normal cells. In this category of oncolytic viral drugs human pathogens herpes simplex virus (HSV) is especially suitable for the cause. Although most viral infection causes antiviral reaction in the host, HSV has multiple mechanisms to evade those responses. Powerful anti-tumor effect can thus be achieved via genetic manipulation of the HSV genes involved in this evading mechanism, namely deletions or mutations that adapt its function towards a tumor microenvironment. Currently, oncolytic HSV (oHSV) is widely use in clinical; moreover, there’s hope that its curative effect will be further enhanced through the combination of oHSV with both traditional and emerging therapeutics. In this review, we provide a summary of the HSV host antiviral response evasion mechanism, HSV expresses immune evasion genes such as ICP34.5, ICP0, Us3, which are involved in inducing and activating host responses, so that the virus can evade the immune system and establish effective long-term latent infection; we outlined details of the oHSV strains generated by removing genes critical to viral replication such as ICP34.5, ICP0, and inserting therapeutic genes such as LacZ, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); security and limitation of some oHSV such G207, 1716, OncoVEX, NV1020, HF10, G47 in clinical application; and the achievements of oHSV combined with immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We reviewed the immunotherapy mechanism of the oHSV and provided a series of cases. We also pointed out that an in-depth study of the application of oHSV in cancer treatment will potentially benefits cancer patients more.

中文翻译：

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溶瘤性单纯疱疹病毒和免疫疗法

已经提出溶瘤病毒被用作癌症的潜在治疗方法。它们具有良好的靶向性，可用于裂解肿瘤细胞而不损害正常细胞的目的。在这类溶瘤病毒药物中，人类病原体单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）特别适合于此病因。尽管大多数病毒感染会在宿主中引起抗病毒反应，但HSV具有多种逃避这些反应的机制。因此，可以通过对该逃避机制中涉及的HSV基因进行基因操作来实现强大的抗肿瘤作用，即使其功能适应肿瘤微环境的缺失或突变。目前，溶瘤性HSV（oHSV）在临床中被广泛使用。而且，希望通过将oHSV与传统疗法和新兴疗​​法结合使用，可以进一步提高其疗效。在这篇综述中，我们提供了HSV宿主抗病毒逃避机制的概述，HSV表达了免疫逃避基因，例如ICP34.5，ICP0，Us3，这些基因可以诱导和激活宿主反应，从而使病毒可以逃避免疫。系统并建立有效的长期潜伏感染；我们概述了通过删除对病毒复制至关重要的基因（如ICP34.5，ICP0）并插入治疗性基因（如LacZ，粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF））而产生的oHSV菌株的详细信息；临床应用中某些oHSV的安全性和局限性，例如G207、1716，OncoVEX，NV1020，HF10，G47；oHSV结合免疫疗法和化学疗法的成果。我们回顾了oHSV的免疫治疗机制，并提供了一系列病例。我们还指出，深入研究oHSV在癌症治疗中的应用将使癌症患者受益更多。