BACKGROUND Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) is a promising grain legume for productive and sustainable crop rotations. It has the advantages of high tolerance to soil acidity and excellent seed quality, but its current yield potential is poor, especially in low rainfall environments. Key adaptation traits such as phenology and enhanced stress tolerance are often complex and controlled by several genes. Genomic-enabled technologies may help to improve our basic understanding of these traits and to provide selective markers in breeding. However, in yellow lupin there are very limited genomic resources to support research and no published information is available on the genetic control of adaptation traits. RESULTS We aimed to address these deficiencies by developing the first linkage map for yellow lupin and conducting quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of yield under well-watered (WW) and water-deficit (WT) conditions. Two next-generation sequencing marker approaches - genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) sequencing - were employed to genotype a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from a bi-parental cross between wild and domesticated parents. A total of 2,458 filtered single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and presence / absence variation (PAV) markers were used to develop a genetic map comprising 40 linkage groups, the first reported for this species. A number of significant QTLs controlling total biomass and 100-seed weight under two water (WW and WD) regimes were found on linkage groups YL-03, YL-09 and YL-26 that together explained 9 and 28% of total phenotypic variability. QTLs associated with length of the reproductive phase and time to flower were found on YL-01, YL-21, YL-35 and YL-40 that together explained a total of 12 and 44% of total phenotypic variation. CONCLUSION These genomic resources and the QTL information offer significant potential for use in marker-assisted selection in yellow lupin.

中文翻译：

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第一个黄羽扇豆遗传图谱能够对孤儿谷类豆科作物的适应性状进行遗传剖析。

背景技术黄羽扇豆(Lupinus uteus L.)是一种很有前景的谷类豆科植物，可用于高产和可持续的作物轮作。它具有耐土壤酸性高、种子品质优良的优点，但目前产量潜力较差，特别是在降雨量少的环境下。物候和增强的胁迫耐受性等关键适应特征通常很复杂，并由多个基因控制。基因组技术可能有助于提高我们对这些性状的基本了解，并在育种中提供选择性标记。然而，在黄羽扇豆中，支持研究的基因组资源非常有限，并且没有关于适应性状遗传控制的公开信息。结果我们旨在通过开发第一个黄羽扇豆连锁图谱并对水分充足（WW）和水分亏缺（WT）条件下的产量进行数量性状位点（QTL）分析来解决这些缺陷。采用两种下一代测序标记方法——测序基因分型（GBS）和多样性阵列技术（DArT）测序——对由野生和驯化亲本之间的双亲杂交开发的重组自交系（RIL）群体进行基因分型。总共使用 2,458 个过滤的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 和存在/缺失变异 (PAV) 标记来开发包含 40 个连锁群的遗传图谱，这是该物种的首次报道。在连锁群 YL-03、YL-09 和 YL-26 上发现了许多在两种水（WW 和 WD）条件下控制总生物量和百粒重的重要 QTL，它们共同解释了总表型变异的 9% 和 28%。在 YL-01、YL-21、YL-35 和 YL-40 上发现了与繁殖期长度和开花时间相关的 QTL，它们共同解释了总表型变异的 12% 和 44%。结论 这些基因组资源和 QTL 信息为黄羽扇豆的标记辅助选择提供了巨大的潜力。