The occurrence and frequency of plant–pollinator interactions are acknowledged to be a function of multiple factors, including the spatio-temporal distribution of species. The study of pollination specialization by examining network properties and more recently incorporating predictors of pairwise interactions is emerging as a useful framework, yet integrated datasets combining network structure, habitat disturbance, and phylogenetic information are still scarce. We found that plant–pollinator interactions in a grassland ecosystem in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains are not randomly distributed and that high levels of reciprocal specialization are generated by biological constraints, such as floral symmetry, pollinator size and pollinator sociality, because these traits lead to morphological or phenological mismatching between interacting species. We also detected that landscape degradation was associated with differences in the network topology, but the interaction webs still maintained a consistently higher number of reciprocal specialization cases than expected. Evidence for the reciprocal evolutionary dependence in visitors (e.g., related pollinators visiting related plants) were weak in this study system, however we identified key species joining clustered units. Our results indicate that the conserved links with keystone species may provide the foundation for generating local reciprocal specialization. From the general topology of the networks, plant–pollinators interactions in sites with disturbance consisted of generalized nodes connecting modules (i.e., hub and numerous connectors). Vice versa, interactions in less disturbed sites consisted of more specialized and symmetrical connections.

中文翻译：

---

植物-授粉媒介网络专业化：加拿大艾伯塔省Glenbow Ranch省立公园中地方互动的见解

植物-授粉媒介相互作用的发生和频率被认为是多种因素的函数，包括物种的时空分布。通过检查网络特性以及最近结合成对相互作用的预测因子来研究授粉专业化的研究正在成为有用的框架，但是仍然缺乏将网络结构，栖息地干扰和系统发生信息相结合的综合数据集。我们发现落基山山麓草地生态系统中的植物与授粉媒介之间的相互作用不是随机分布的，而高水平的互惠专业化是由生物限制因素产生的，例如花的对称性，授粉媒介的大小和授粉媒介的社会性，因为这些特征会导致相互作用物种之间的形态或物候失配。我们还检测到景观退化与网络拓扑结构的差异有关，但是交互网络仍然保持着比预期多得多的互惠专业案例。在此研究系统中，来访者（例如，相关传粉者访问相关植物）相互进化依赖性的证据不多，但是我们确定了加入集群单元的关键物种。我们的结果表明，与关键物种的保守联系可能为产生本地互惠专业化提供基础。从网络的一般拓扑结构来看，受干扰站点中的植物与授粉媒介之间的相互作用由连接模块（即集线器和大量连接器）的广义节点组成。