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Preferred, small-scale foraging areas of two Southern Ocean fur seal species are not determined by habitat characteristics
BMC Ecology ( IF 3.368 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-11 , DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0252-x
Mia Wege , P. J. Nico de Bruyn , Mark A. Hindell , Mary-Anne Lea , Marthán N. Bester

To understand and predict the distribution of foragers, it is crucial to identify the factors that affect individual movement decisions at different scales. Individuals are expected to adjust their foraging movements to the hierarchical spatial distribution of resources. At a small local scale, spatial segregation in foraging habitat happens among individuals of closely situated colonies. If foraging segregation is due to differences in distribution of resources, we would expect segregated foraging areas to have divergent habitat characteristics. We investigated how environmental characteristics of preferred foraging areas differ between two closely situated Subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) colonies and a single Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) colony that forage in different pelagic areas even though they are located well within each other’s foraging range. We further investigated the influence of the seasonal cycle on those environmental factors. This study used tracking data from 121 adult female Subantarctic and Antarctic fur seals, collected during summer and winter (2009–2015), from three different colonies. Boosted Regression Tree species distribution models were used to determine key environmental variables associated with areas of fur seal restricted search behaviour. There were no differences in the relative influence of key environmental variables between colonies and seasons. The variables with the most influence for each colony and season were latitude, longitude and magnitude of sea-currents. The influence of latitude and longitude is a by-product of the species’ distinct foraging areas, despite the close proximity (< 25 km) of the colonies. The predicted potential foraging areas for each colony changed from summer to winter, reflecting the seasonal cycle of the Southern Ocean. The model predicted that the potential foraging areas of females from the three colonies should overlap, and the fact they do not in reality indicates that factors other than environmental are influencing the location of each colony’s foraging area. The results indicated that small scale spatial segregation of foraging habitats is not driven by bottom-up processes. It is therefore important to also consider other potential drivers, e.g. competition, information transfer, and memory, to understand animal foraging decisions and movements.

中文翻译:

两种南大洋海狗物种的首选小规模觅食区不是由栖息地特征决定的

为了了解和预测觅食者的分布,至关重要的是要确定影响个体在不同规模上做出的决定的因素。期望个体将其觅食运动调整为资源的分层空间分布。在较小的局部规模上,觅食栖息地的空间隔离发生在位置紧密的殖民地个体之间。如果将觅食隔离归因于资源分配的差异,我们预计隔离的觅食区将具有不同的生境特征。我们调查了两个紧邻的南极海狗(Arctocephalustropicis)殖民地和单个南极海狗(A. 瞪羚)在不同中上层地区觅食的殖民地,即使它们位于彼此的觅食范围之内。我们进一步研究了季节性周期对那些环境因素的影响。这项研究使用了来自三个不同殖民地的夏季和冬季(2009-2015年)收集的121只成年雌性亚南极和南极海狗的跟踪数据。使用增强回归树物种分布模型来确定与海狗限制搜索行为区域相关的关键环境变量。关键环境变量的相对影响在菌落和季节之间没有差异。对每个殖民地和季节影响最大的变量是海流的纬度,经度和大小。尽管殖民地距离很近(<25 km),但纬度和经度的影响是该物种独特的觅食区的副产品。每个殖民地的潜在觅食面积从夏季到冬季都有所变化,反映了南大洋的季节性周期。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。尽管殖民地非常近(<25 km)。每个殖民地的潜在觅食面积从夏季到冬季都有所变化,反映了南大洋的季节性周期。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。尽管靠近殖民地(<25 km)。每个殖民地的潜在觅食面积从夏季到冬季都有所变化,反映了南大洋的季节性周期。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。每个殖民地的潜在觅食面积从夏季到冬季都有所变化,反映了南大洋的季节性周期。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。每个殖民地的潜在觅食面积从夏季到冬季都有所变化,反映了南大洋的季节性周期。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。该模型预测,三个殖民地女性的潜在觅食区应该重叠,但事实并非如此,这表明环境以外的因素正在影响每个殖民地觅食区的位置。结果表明,觅食生境的小规模空间隔离不是由自下而上的过程驱动的。因此,重要的是还要考虑其他潜在的驱动因素,例如竞争,信息传递和记忆,以了解动物觅食的决策和动作。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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