Pervaporation (PV), a membrane process in which the feed is a liquid mixture and the permeate is removed as a vapour, offers an energy-efficient alternative to conventional separation processes such as distillation, and can be applied to mixtures that are difficult to separate, such as azeotropes. Here the principles of pervaporation and its industrial applications are outlined. Two classes of material that show promise for use in PV membranes are described: Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) and 2D materials such as graphene. The literature regarding PV utilizing the prototypical PIM (PIM-1) and it hydrophilic hydrolysed form (cPIM-1) is reviewed. Self-standing PIM-1 membranes give competitive results compared to other membranes reported in the literature for the separation of alcohols and other volatile organic compounds from aqueous solution, and for organic/organic separations such as methanol/ethylene glycol and dimethyl carbonate/methanol mixtures. Blends of cPIM-1 with conventional polymers improve the flux for dehydration of alcohols. The incorporation of fillers, such as functionalised graphene-like fillers, into PIM-1 to form mixed matrix membranes can enhance the separation performance. Thin film composite (TFC) membranes enable very high fluxes to be achieved when a suitable support with high surface porosity is utilised. When functionalised graphene-like fillers are introduced into the selective layer of a TFC membrane, the lateral size of the flakes needs to be carefully controlled. There is a wide range of PIMs and 2D materials yet to be explored for PV applications, which offer potential to create bespoke membranes for a wide variety of organic/aqueous and organic/organic separations.

中文翻译：

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固有微孔性（PIM）和PIM /石墨烯复合材料的聚合物对全蒸发膜的潜力

全蒸发（PV）是一种膜过程，其中进料为液体混合物，渗透物作为蒸气被除去，为传统的分离过程（例如蒸馏）提供了节能的替代方法，并可应用于难以分离的混合物，例如共沸物。这里概述了渗透蒸发的原理及其工业应用。描述了显示出有望用于PV膜的两类材料：本征微孔（PIM）的聚合物和2D材料（例如石墨烯）。综述了有关利用原型PIM（PIM-1）及其亲水水解形式（cPIM-1）的PV的文献。与文献报道的其他膜相比，自立式PIM-1膜在从水溶液中分离醇和其他挥发性有机化合物以及有机/有机分离（例如甲醇/乙二醇和碳酸二甲酯/甲醇混合物）时，提供了竞争性的结果。cPIM-1与常规聚合物的共混物可提高醇类脱水的通量。将诸如功能化石墨烯样填料之类的填料掺入PIM-1中以形成混合基质膜可以增强分离性能。当使用具有高表面孔隙率的合适载体时，薄膜复合（TFC）膜可实现非常高的通量。当将功能化的类石墨烯填料引入TFC膜的选择层时，薄片的横向尺寸需要仔细控制。有许多PIM和2D材料尚待探索以用于PV应用，这些材料具有创造定制膜的潜力，可用于各种有机/水和有机/有机分离。