Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common diseases globally and usually persists throughout life. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the expression of inflammatory biomarkers has a relationship with the severity of allergic rhinitis and with comorbid asthma or other allergic diseases in children. For diagnosis of AR, the skin prick test was performed to measure the responses to 18 allergens. Blood levels of eosinophils and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were examined. We classified the patients into 2 groups based on the severity of the condition as Group 1 [intermittent AR (IAR) or mild persistent AR (PAR)] and Group 2 (moderate to severe PAR). To determine the expression of inflammatory biomarkers, in serum and several biomarkers (caspase-1, IL-1β, CCL-11, CCL-24 and IL-33) were measured in the serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, we analyzed the correlation between clinical variables and the expression of biomarkers (eosinophils count, IL-1β and CCL-24) and the severity of AR. We found that eosinophils count, IL-1β, a marker of activation of inflammasomes, and CCL-24 were significantly increased in the moderate to severe PAR group (p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p = 0.039). Additionally, the expressions of eosinophil count, IL-1β and CCL-24 were significantly higher in patients with active asthmatic symptoms than in those without these conditions. On univariate analysis, allergic rhinitis in sibling, paternal allergic rhinitis, high expression of eosinophils count, IL-1β and CCL-24, history of active asthma and atopy correlated with severity of AR. Multivariate analysis showed only paternal allergic rhinitis and high expression of IL-1β as significant risk factors of moderate to severe PAR with 6.4 fold and 4.7 fold-increase in risk, respectively (p = 0.011 and p = 0.030). In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that an excessive release of biologically active IL-1β may promote inflammation in severe PAR. It demonstrates that IL-1β can be a biomarker for active allergic diseases such as AR, asthma, and atopy. Moreover, this finding suggests that IL-1B should be investigated as a therapeutic target in severe PAR and other allergic diseases.

中文翻译：

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血清 IL-1β 可作为严重持续性过敏性鼻炎患儿的生物标志物

过敏性鼻炎 (AR) 是全球最常见的疾病之一，通常会持续一生。在本研究中，我们旨在确定炎症生物标志物的表达是否与儿童过敏性鼻炎的严重程度以及合并哮喘或其他过敏性疾病有关。对于 AR 的诊断，进行了皮肤点刺试验以测量对 18 种过敏原的反应。检查了嗜酸性粒细胞和免疫球蛋白 E (IgE) 的血液水平。我们根据病情的严重程度将患者分为 2 组，即第 1 组 [间歇性 AR (IAR) 或轻度持续性 AR (PAR)] 和第 2 组（中度至重度 PAR）。为了确定炎症生物标志物在血清和几种生物标志物（caspase-1、IL-1β、CCL-11、使用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) 在血清中测量 CCL-24 和 IL-33)。此外，我们分析了临床变量与生物标志物（嗜酸性粒细胞计数、IL-1β 和 CCL-24）的表达与 AR 严重程度之间的相关性。我们发现嗜酸性粒细胞计数、IL-1β（炎症小体激活的标志物）和 CCL-24 在中度至重度 PAR 组中显着增加（p = 0.008，p = 0.003，p = 0.039）。此外，有活动性哮喘症状的患者的嗜酸性粒细胞计数、IL-1β和CCL-24的表达明显高于没有这些症状的患者。在单变量分析中，兄弟姐妹的过敏性鼻炎、父亲的过敏性鼻炎、嗜酸性粒细胞计数、IL-1β 和 CCL-24 的高表达、活动性哮喘病史和特应性与 AR 的严​​重程度相关。多变量分析显示，只有父亲过敏性鼻炎和 IL-1β 高表达是中度至重度 PAR 的重要危险因素，风险分别增加 6.4 倍和 4.7 倍（p = 0.011 和 p = 0.030）。总之，这项研究提供了第一个证据，表明过度释放具有生物活性的 IL-1β 可能会促进严重 PAR 的炎症。这表明 IL-1β 可以成为活动性过敏性疾病（如 AR、哮喘和特应性）的生物标志物。此外，这一发现表明应将 IL-1B 作为严重 PAR 和其他过敏性疾病的治疗靶点进行研究。这项研究提供了第一个证据，表明过度释放具有生物活性的 IL-1β 可能会促进严重 PAR 的炎症。这表明 IL-1β 可以成为活动性过敏性疾病（如 AR、哮喘和特应性）的生物标志物。此外，这一发现表明应将 IL-1B 作为严重 PAR 和其他过敏性疾病的治疗靶点进行研究。这项研究提供了第一个证据，表明过度释放具有生物活性的 IL-1β 可能会促进严重 PAR 的炎症。这表明 IL-1β 可以成为活动性过敏性疾病（如 AR、哮喘和特应性）的生物标志物。此外，这一发现表明应将 IL-1B 作为严重 PAR 和其他过敏性疾病的治疗靶点进行研究。