In the last three decades, considerable effort has been devoted to obtain both open and closed porosity ceramics & glasses in order to benefit from unique combination of properties such as mechanical strength, thermal and chemical stability at low‐relative density. Most of these investigations were directed to the production and the analysis of the properties for open porosity materials, and regrettably quite a few compositions and manufacturing methods were documented for closed porosity ceramics & glasses in the scientific literature so far. This review focuses on the processing strategies, the properties and the applications of closed porosity ceramics & glasses with total porosity higher than 25%. The ones below such level are intentionally left out and the paper is set out to demonstrate the porous components with deliberately generated closed pores/cells. The processing strategies are categorized into five different groups, namely sacrificial templating, high‐temperature bonding of hollow structures, casting, direct foaming, and emulsions. The principles underlying these methods are given, with particular emphasis on the critical issues that affect the pore characteristics, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the produced components.

中文翻译：

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闭孔陶瓷和玻璃

在过去的三十年中，为了获得诸如低强度的机械强度，热和化学稳定性等特性的独特组合，人们已经投入了巨大的努力来获得开孔和闭孔的陶瓷和玻璃。这些研究大部分是针对开孔材料的生产和性能分析，令人遗憾的是，迄今为止，科学文献中已经记录了相当多的闭孔陶瓷和玻璃的成分和制造方法。本文综述了总孔隙率高于25％的闭孔陶瓷和玻璃的加工策略，性能和应用。故意将低于该水平的那些排除在外，并着手于论文演示具有故意产生的封闭孔/孔的多孔组分。加工策略分为五个不同的组，即牺牲模板，中空结构的高温粘结，浇铸，直接发泡和乳液。给出了这些方法的基本原理，并特别强调了影响所生产部件的孔特性，机械，热和电性能的关键问题。