Chimeric immune receptors (CIRs) are functionally pleiotropic because they are artificially expressed on diverse cell types, which gives specificity to their function to anergize, kill, or protect cognate target cells. CIRs consist of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and B-cell antibody receptor (BAR) or chimeric autoantibody receptors (CAARs). Approval of CAR-T cell therapy by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has encouraged investigators to search for autoimmune therapies that are CIR-based. Both T effector cells, particularly CD8⁺, and T CD4⁺ regulatory cells (Tregs) can be engineered through CIR expression. Recently, natural killer cells have been included to increase efficiency. Unwanted antibody producer B cells are effectively prevented by CAAR-T cells, B-cell antibody receptor (BAR)-T CD8+, and BAR-Treg, which represents an advantage in antibody-mediated diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and hemophilia A. Although CAAR and BAR-T cells may have curative benefits for autoantibody-mediated immune diseases, verification of long-term efficacy and safety are a priority before clinical use. Effective CIR-T cell therapy largely depends on the reliability and stability of the receptor. Based on CIR functionality, factors that explicitly determine effectiveness of the treatment should be considered. These factors include antigen/autoantibody specificity, single chain variable fragment (scFv) affinity, and autoantibody masking. Herein, we review the current evidence of CIR therapy with a focus on their therapeutic potential for autoimmune diseases and their challenges.

嵌合免疫受体（CIR）在功能上是多效性的，因为它们在多种细胞类型上人工表达，从而赋予其特异性功能，以使相关靶细胞变质，杀死或保护它们。CIR由嵌合抗原受体（CAR）和B细胞抗体受体（BAR）或嵌合自身抗体受体（CAAR）组成。美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准CAR-T细胞疗法鼓励研究人员寻找基于CIR的自身免疫疗法。两个T效应细胞，特别是CD8 ⁺和T CD4 ⁺调节细胞（Tregs）可以通过CIR表达进行工程改造。近来，已经包括天然杀伤细胞以提高效率。CAAR-T细胞，B细胞抗体受体（BAR）-T CD8 +和BAR-Tr​​eg可有效预防不需要的抗体产生者B细胞，这在抗体介导的疾病如寻常性天疱疮（PV）和血友病A中表现出优势尽管CAAR和BAR-T细胞对于自身抗体介导的免疫疾病可能具有治愈性的益处，但是在临床使用之前，长期有效性和安全性的验证是优先考虑的。有效的CIR-T细胞疗法在很大程度上取决于受体的可靠性和稳定性。基于CIR功能，应考虑明确确定治疗效果的因素。这些因素包括抗原/自身抗体特异性，单链可变片段（scFv）亲和力和自身抗体掩蔽。本文中，我们回顾了CIR治疗的当前证据，重点是其对自身免疫性疾病的治疗潜力及其挑战。