Aging is characterized by significant immune remodeling at both cellular and molecular levels, also known as immunosenescence. Older adults often manifest a chronic low-grade inflammatory phenotype. These age-related immune system changes have increasingly been recognized not only to lead to immune functional decline and increased vulnerability to infections, but also to play an important role in many chronic conditions such as frailty in older adults. In addition to sex as an important biological factor, chronic viral infections including that by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are all known to have major impact on the aging immune system. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of aging immunity, sex, inflammation, frailty, and HIV and CMV infections.

中文翻译：

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衰老，性，炎症，虚弱以及CMV和HIV感染。

衰老的特征在于在细胞和分子水平上的显着免疫重塑，也称为免疫衰老。老年人通常表现出慢性低度炎症表型。人们越来越认识到这些与年龄有关的免疫系统变化，不仅会导致免疫功能下降和感染易感性增加，而且还会在许多慢性疾病中发挥重要作用，例如老年人的衰弱。除了作为重要的生物因素的性别，慢性病毒感染，包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和巨细胞病毒（CMV）的感染，都已知会对衰老的免疫系统产生重大影响。本文概述了我们目前对衰老免疫力，性别，炎症，体弱以及HIV和CMV感染的理解。