Humans predominantly form their beliefs based on communication with other humans rather than direct observations, even on matters of facts, such as the shape of the globe or the effects of child vaccinations. Despite the fact that this is a well-known (not to say: trivial) observation, literature on opinion dynamics and opinion formation largely overlooks this circumstance. In the present paper we study the effects of limited access to information on the level of knowledge of members of groups embedded into an environment that can be observed. We also study the consequences of false information circulating within the group. We find that exposure to fake news makes intense communication counterproductive, but, at the same time, calls forth diversification of agents with respect to their information spreading abilities.

中文翻译：

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受假新闻影响的群体的最佳结构

人类主要基于与其他人类的交流而不是直接的观察来形成自己的信念，即使是基于诸如地球形状或儿童接种疫苗的影响等事实也是如此。尽管这是一个众所周知的（不要说：琐碎的）观察，但有关观点动态和观点形成的文献却大大忽略了这种情况。在本文中，我们研究了对信息的有限访问对嵌入到可以观察到的环境中的组成员的知识水平的影响。我们还研究了在组内传播虚假信息的后果。我们发现，接触假新闻会使密集的沟通适得其反，但与此同时，就代理商的信息传播能力而言，它也要求其多样化。