Abstract Pesticide use has been suggested as one of the major drivers of the global amphibian decline. Laboratory and mesocosm studies have addressed several questions to understand the mechanism by which pesticides cause detrimental effects on amphibians. However, the extrapolation of those results to natural populations may not be adequate to predict environmental impacts or to understand the role of pesticides in the amphibian decline. By using in situ enclosures, we evaluated the effects (survival and mobility) of common pesticides applied by farmers (cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, glyphosate, and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) on tadpoles. We assessed these effects in four common amphibian species from South America across 91 ponds located in the Pampas of central Argentina. We found that survival decreased in 13 out of 20 pesticides applications concomitantly with detection of pesticides in water ponds. 48 h after applications, mixtures containing endosulfan or chlorpyrifos reduced tadpole survival to

中文翻译：

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现实世界中的农药：基于转基因的集约化农业对本土两栖动物的影响

摘要 农药的使用被认为是全球两栖动物数量减少的主要驱动因素之一。实验室和中观研究解决了几个问题，以了解杀虫剂对两栖动物造成有害影响的机制。然而，将这些结果外推到自然种群可能不足以预测环境影响或了解杀虫剂在两栖动物减少中的作用。通过使用原位围栏，我们评估了农民使用的常见农药（氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、硫丹、草甘膦和 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸）对蝌蚪的影响（存活率和流动性）。我们在位于阿根廷中部潘帕斯草原的 91 个池塘中评估了来自南美洲的四种常见两栖动物物种的这些影响。我们发现，在 20 种农药施用中，有 13 种农药的存活率随着在水塘中检测到农药而下降。施用后 48 小时，含有硫丹或毒死蜱的混合物将蝌蚪的存活率降低至