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Long-term mortality in mothers of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome: A population-based parallel-cohort study in England and Ontario, Canada.
PLOS Medicine ( IF 10.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-26 , DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002974
Astrid Guttmann 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Ruth Blackburn 6 , Abby Amartey 1 , Limei Zhou 1 , Linda Wijlaars 7 , Natasha Saunders 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Katie Harron 7 , Maria Chiu 1, 4 , Ruth Gilbert 7
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND Opioid addiction is a major public health threat to healthy life expectancy; however, little is known of long-term mortality for mothers with opioid use in pregnancy. Pregnancy and delivery care are opportunities to improve access to addiction and supportive services. Treating neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) as a marker of opioid use during pregnancy, this study reports long-term maternal mortality among mothers with a birth affected by NAS in relation to that of mothers without a NAS-affected birth in 2 high-prevalence jurisdictions, England and Ontario, Canada. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a population-based study using linked administrative health data to develop parallel cohorts of mother-infant dyads in England and Ontario between 2002 and 2012. The study population comprised 13,577 and 4,966 mothers of infants with NAS and 4,205,675 and 929,985 control mothers in England and Ontario, respectively. Death records captured all-cause maternal mortality after delivery through March 31, 2016, and cause-specific maternal mortality to December 31, 2014. The primary exposure was a live birth of an infant with NAS, and the main outcome was all deaths among mothers following their date of delivery. We modelled the association between NAS and all-cause maternal mortality using Cox regression, and the cumulative incidence of cause-specific mortality within a competing risks framework. All-cause mortality rates, 10-year cumulative incidence risk of death, and crude and age-adjusted hazard ratios were calculated. Estimated crude 10-year mortality based on Kaplan-Meier curves in mothers of infants with NAS was 5.1% (95% CI 4.7%-5.6%) in England and 4.6% (95% CI 3.8%-5.5%) in Ontario versus 0.4% (95% CI 0.41%-0.42%) in England and 0.4% (95% CI 0.38%-0.41%) in Ontario for controls (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Survival curves showed no clear inflection point or period of heightened risk. The crude hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 12.1 (95% 11.1-13.2; p < 0.001) in England and 11.4 (9.7-13.4; p < 0.001) in Ontario; age adjustment did not reduce the hazard ratios. The cumulative incidence of death was higher among NAS mothers than controls for almost all causes of death. The majority of deaths were by avoidable causes, defined as those that are preventable, amenable to care, or both. Limitations included lack of direct measures of maternal opioid use, other substance misuse, and treatments or supports received. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found that approximately 1 in 20 mothers of infants with NAS died within 10 years of delivery in both England and Canada-a mortality risk 11-12 times higher than for control mothers. Risk of death was not limited to the early postpartum period targeted by most public health programs. Policy responses to the current opioid epidemic require effective strategies for long-term support to improve the health and welfare of opioid-using mothers and their children.

中文翻译:

患有新生儿戒断综合症的婴儿的母亲的长期死亡率:英格兰和加拿大安大略省的一项基于人群的平行队列研究。

背景阿片类药物成瘾是对健康预期寿命的主要公共卫生威胁;然而,人们对怀孕期间使用阿片类药物的母亲的长期死亡率知之甚少。怀孕和分娩护理是改善成瘾和支持服务获取机会的机会。这项研究将新生儿戒断综合征 (NAS) 作为怀孕期间使用阿片类药物的一个标志,报告了在 2 个高患病率辖区中,出生时受 NAS 影响的母亲与未受 NAS 影响的母亲的长期孕产妇死亡率、英格兰和加拿大安大略省。方法和结果 我们利用关联的行政健康数据进行了一项基于人群的研究,以开发 2002 年至 2012 年间英格兰和安大略省母婴二人组的平行队列。研究人群包括 13,577 名和 4,966 名患有 NAS 婴儿的母亲以及 4,205,675 名和 929,985 名对照婴儿的母亲。分别是英格兰和安大略省的母亲。死亡记录记录了截至2016年3月31日的产后全因孕产妇死亡率,以及截至2014年12月31日的特定原因孕产妇死亡率。主要暴露是患有NAS的婴儿的活产,主要结果是母亲中的所有死亡交货日期后。我们使用 Cox 回归对 NAS 与全因孕产妇死亡率之间的关联以及竞争风险框架内特定原因死亡率的累积发生率进行了建模。计算了全因死亡率、10 年累积死亡发生风险以及粗略风险比和年龄调整风险比。根据 Kaplan-Meier 曲线估计,英格兰 NAS 婴儿母亲的 10 年粗死亡率为 5.1%(95% CI 4.7%-5.6%),安大略省为 4.6%(95% CI 3.8%-5.5%),而安大略省为 0.4%。对照组在英格兰为 % (95% CI 0.41%-0.42%),在安大略省为 0.4% (95% CI 0.38%-0.41%)(所有比较 p < 0.001)。生存曲线显示没有明显的拐点或风险升高的时期。全因死亡率的粗风险比在英格兰为 12.1 (95% 11.1-13.2; p < 0.001),在安大略省为 11.4 (9.7-13.4; p < 0.001);年龄调整并没有降低风险比。几乎所有死因中,NAS 母亲的累积死亡发生率均高于对照组。大多数死亡是由可避免的原因造成的,定义为可预防、易于护理或两者兼而有之的原因。局限性包括缺乏对孕产妇阿片类药物使用、其他物质滥用以及接受的治疗或支持的直接测量。结论 在这项研究中,我们发现在英格兰和加拿大,患有 NAS 婴儿的母亲中大约有二十分之一在分娩后 10 年内死亡,死亡风险比对照母亲高 11-12 倍。死亡风险并不局限于大多数公共卫生计划所针对的产后早期。应对当前阿片类药物流行的政策需要采取有效的长期支持策略,以改善阿片类药物使用母亲及其子女的健康和福利。
更新日期:2019-12-03
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