Immunotherapy has proven to be an effective means to treat some cancers, as evidenced by the approval of multiple new drugs in the last decade.^1,2 In particular, several immunotherapies that target the immunoregulatory pathways cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are now approved to treat several common forms of solid human cancers. Despite the success of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, however, it remains the case that such immunotherapies fail to elicit a response in many patients. Thus, there is a clear need to continue to investigate the immune response to cancer and to explore in new ways how various cellular and molecular factors might affect the immune response in different manifestations of the disease. Especially needed are ways to better predict patient response to therapy, particularly by using markers of clinical response to CTLA-4 immunotherapy.

中文翻译：

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CTLA-4免疫组织化学和定量图像分析技术用于分析人类癌症。

免疫疗法已被证明是治疗某些癌症的有效手段，最近十年来已批准了多种新药。^1,2特别是，目前已批准了几种靶向免疫调节途径的免疫疗法，这些途径涉及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4（CTLA-4）和程序性细胞死亡蛋白1（PD-1）及其配体（PD-L1），可用于治疗几种常见形式固体人类癌症。尽管CTLA-4和PD-1 / PD-L1抗体取得了成功，但仍然存在这种免疫疗法无法在许多患者中引起反应的情况。因此，显然有必要继续研究对癌症的免疫反应，并以新的方式探索各种细胞和分子因素如何影响疾病不同表现形式的免疫反应。特别需要更好地预测患者对治疗反应的方法，特别是通过使用对CTLA-4免疫治疗的临床反应标记物。