While the human microbiome's structure and function have been extensively studied, its within-species genetic diversity is less well understood. However, genetic mutations in the microbiome can confer biomedically relevant traits, such as the ability to extract nutrients from food, metabolize drugs, evade antibiotics, and communicate with the host immune system. The population genetic processes by which these traits evolve are complex, in part due to interacting ecological and evolutionary forces in the microbiome. Advances in metagenomic sequencing, coupled with bioinformatics tools and population genetic models, facilitate quantification of microbiome genetic variation and inferences about how this diversity arises, evolves, and correlates with traits of both microbes and hosts. In this review, we explore the population genetic forces (mutation, recombination, drift, and selection) that shape microbiome genetic diversity within and between hosts, as well as efforts towards predictive models that leverage microbiome genetics.

中文翻译：

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人类微生物组中的群体遗传学。

尽管人类微生物组的结构和功能已得到广泛研究，但其物种内的遗传多样性却鲜为人知。但是，微生物组中的基因突变可以赋予生物医学相关的特征，例如从食物中提取营养，代谢药物，逃避抗生素以及与宿主免疫系统进行交流的能力。这些性状进化的种群遗传过程是复杂的，部分是由于微生物组中相互作用的生态和进化力。宏基因组测序的发展，再加上生物信息学工具和种群遗传模型，可促进微生物组遗传变异的量化，并推断出这种多样性如何产生，进化以及与微生物和宿主的性状相关。在这篇评论中，