Abstract Electric vehicles play a crucial role in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for more sustainable transportation. Lithium-ion batteries, as the most expensive but least understood component in electric vehicles, directly affect vehicular driving range, safety, comfort, and reliability. However, the overall performance of traction batteries deteriorates significantly at low temperatures due to the reduced electrochemical reaction rate and accelerated health degradation, such as lithium plating. Without timely and effective actions, this performance degradation causes operational difficulties and safety hazards for electric vehicles. Battery warm-up/preheating is of particular importance when operating electric vehicles in cold geographical regions. To this end, this paper reviews various battery preheating strategies, including external convective and conductive preheating, as well as the latest progress in internal heating solutions. The effects of low temperature on batteries from the perspectives of cell performance as well as materials properties are briefly summarized. Thermal science issues involved in warm-up are also elucidated. The framework of battery management systems (BTMS) at low temperatures, including the key design considerations at different battery integration levels and the overall classification of warm-up approaches into external and internal groups, are introduced in detail. Next, a comprehensive literature review on different warm-up strategies is presented, and the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, and potential improvements of each strategy are elaborated. Finally, future trends of battery warm-up methods are discussed in terms of key technologies, promising opportunities, and challenges.

中文翻译：

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汽车应用在零度以下的电池预热方法：最新进展和前景

摘要 电动汽车在减少燃料消耗和污染物排放以实现更可持续的交通方面发挥着至关重要的作用。锂离子电池作为电动汽车中最昂贵但最不为人所知的组件，直接影响着汽车的行驶里程、安全性、舒适性和可靠性。然而，由于电化学反应速率降低和健康退化加速，例如镀锂，牵引电池的整体性能在低温下显着恶化。如果没有及时有效的行动，这种性能下降会给电动汽车带来操作困难和安全隐患。在寒冷地区运行电动汽车时，电池预热/预热尤为重要。为此，本文综述了各种电池预热策略，包括外部对流和传导预热，以及内部加热解决方案的最新进展。从电池性能和材料特性的角度简要总结了低温对电池的影响。还阐明了热身中涉及的热科学问题。详细介绍了低温下电池管理系统（BTMS）的框架，包括不同电池集成水平的关键设计考虑以及预热方法分为外部和内部组的整体分类。接下来，对不同的热身策略进行了全面的文献综述，并详细阐述了每种策略的基本原理、优点、缺点和潜在改进。最后，