Abstract Non-rice crops (NRCs) are an increasingly important means of improving farmer livelihoods in rice-based farming systems in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), but NRC productivity faces risks from the soil constraints that result from traditional wet rice cultivation, namely degraded topsoil, a sub-surface hardpan and consequent reduced available water-holding capacity (AWC). Farmers can address the risks to NRCs posed by these soil constraints in several ways: accept the risks by tolerating the soil constraints, reduce the risks by managing the constraints, ameliorating them seasonally or reducing them by adopting dry soil preparation for rice, or avoid the risks by either ceasing rice production to eliminate the constraints or ceasing NRC production. The differentiation of fields into five consequent management regimes – wet preparation rice, wet preparation rice with management or amelioration of constraints, dry preparation rice, dedicated NRC-only fields, and dedicated rice-only fields – gives insight as to how both rice and NRC productivity can be balanced in a rice-based system, not just in an individual field. This paper outlines a framework for more optimal rice and NRC production, highlights the information and further research required to improve on-farm decision-making, and suggests how this framework can be applied in practice.

中文翻译：

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平衡水稻和非水稻作物：管理东南亚大陆水稻系统土壤限制带来的风险

摘要 在东南亚大陆 (MSEA) 以水稻为基础的农业系统中，非水稻作物 (NRC) 是改善农民生计的越来越重要的手段，但非水稻作物 (NRC) 的生产力面临着传统湿稻种植造成的土壤限制的风险，即退化表土、地下硬土层和随之而来的可用持水量 (AWC) 降低。农民可以通过以下几种方式应对这些土壤限制对 NRC 造成的风险：通过容忍土壤限制来接受风险，通过管理限制来降低风险，通过季节性改善或通过对水稻进行旱地整地来减少风险，或避免要么停止水稻生产以消除限制，要么停止 NRC 生产。将田地划分为五种随之而来的管理制度——湿法水稻、管理或改善限制条件的湿法水稻、干法水稻、专用 NRC 专用田和专用水稻专用田——提供了关于水稻和 NRC 的见解生产力可以在以水稻为基础的系统中平衡，而不仅仅是在单个领域。本文概述了更优化水稻和 NRC 生产的框架，重点介绍了改进农场决策所需的信息和进一步研究，并建议如何将该框架应用于实践。不只是在个别领域。本文概述了更优化水稻和 NRC 生产的框架，重点介绍了改进农场决策所需的信息和进一步研究，并建议如何将该框架应用于实践。不只是在个别领域。本文概述了更优化水稻和 NRC 生产的框架，重点介绍了改进农场决策所需的信息和进一步研究，并建议如何将该框架应用于实践。