Abstract The substantial role of food sharing in human evolution has been widely recognized, and food-soliciting tactics may have been critical in facilitating these transfers. Great apes, our closest living relatives, also use different food-soliciting tactics to obtain food from both kin and non-kin. However, the individual and social factors involved in requests for and subsequent transfers of food have been relatively little studied. Here, we examined which tactics (e.g., tactile gestures, taking actions, and vocalizations) infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) employ to solicit food as well as the success of obtaining food from their conspecifics. Using a multimodal approach, we focused on food-related interactions in 14 chimpanzee infants of two different subspecies (P. t. schweinfurthii/verus) living in the communities of Kanyawara, Uganda, and Tai South, Cote d'Ivoire. Overall, we found that infants' solicitation tactics included mainly visual or tactile gestural requests and taking attempts, while vocalizations and gestures involving auditory components were rarely used. With increasing age, infants used more visual gestures when soliciting food from conspecifics other than the mother. If food was solicited from mothers or maternal kin, infants predominantly begged for food via (mechanically effective) taking attempts. In terms of subsequent food transfers, taking attempts were more successful than gestures. In light of the prevalent use of non-contact begging despite low rates of success, food solicitation in young great apes might also function to facilitate social tolerance and gain social information. We thus conclude that the food sharing context might represent a critical platform to learn and practice social rules underlying cooperative interactions, which can later be generalized across collaborative domains.

中文翻译：

---

乞讨和社会宽容：野生黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）的食物征集策略

摘要 食物共享在人类进化中的重要作用已得到广泛认可，而食物索取策略可能在促进这些转移方面发挥着关键作用。类人猿，我们在世的近亲，也使用不同的食物索取策略从亲属和非亲属那里获取食物。然而，对食物的请求和随后的转移所涉及的个人和社会因素的研究相对较少。在这里，我们研究了幼年黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）采用哪些策略（例如，触觉手势、采取行动和发声）来获取食物以及从它们的同类中成功获取食物。使用多模式方法，我们专注于生活在乌干达 Kanyawara 社区的两个不同亚种 (P. t. schweinfurthii/verus) 的 14 只黑猩猩婴儿的食物相关相互作用，和泰南，科特迪瓦。总的来说，我们发现婴儿的请求策略主要包括视觉或触觉的手势请求和尝试，而很少使用涉及听觉成分的发声和手势。随着年龄的增长，婴儿在向母亲以外的同类索取食物时会使用更多的视觉手势。如果食物是从母亲或母系亲属那里索取的，婴儿主要通过（机械上有效的）尝试来乞求食物。在随后的食物转移方面，尝试比手势更成功。鉴于非接触式乞讨尽管成功率低，但普遍使用非接触式乞讨，年轻的类人猿的食物征集也可能起到促进社会宽容和获取社会信息的作用。