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Distractor context manipulation in visual search: How expectations modulate proactive control.
Cognition ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-22 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104129
Marco A Petilli 1 , Francesco Marini 2 , Roberta Daini 3
Affiliation  

Visual search can be guided by top-down and bottom-up processes, with either one dominating the other depending on the task (e.g., feature versus conjunction). Moreover, different search tasks bring about different expectations about the type, or frequency, of distractor stimuli. These expectations could promote top-down "task-sets" that may impact performance even when distractors are temporarily absent. Here, we characterized the role and extent of recruitment of proactive top-down processes for distractor expectation in feature and conjunction search. Participants conducted feature and conjunction search tasks for a visual target among distractors, which were either frequently presented or completely absent. The effects of the recruitment of proactive top-down processes for distractor expectation entailed slower responses, yet more accurate, on distractor-absent trials in the frequent-distractor (versus no-distractor) context of both tasks. These effects were larger in the conjunction versus feature task and were not impacted by stimulus duration and time pressure (short/present in Experiment 1, unlimited/absent in Experiment 2, respectively). Results were replicated when the presence/absence of distractors at each trial was fully predictable (Experiment 3), and when several parameters of visual search were changed (Experiment 4). Our findings indicate that top-down task-sets related to distractor expectation entail performance costs and benefits in visual search. These effects occur throughout task blocks rather than trial-to-trial, are modulated by search type, and confirm that proactive top-down processes intervene in feature search.

中文翻译:

视觉搜索中的干扰因素上下文操纵:期望如何调节主动控制。

视觉搜索可以由自上而下和自下而上的流程指导,其中一个取决于任务(例如,功能与结合)。此外,不同的搜索任务会对干扰物刺激的类型或频率产生不同的期望。这些期望可能会促进自上而下的“任务集”,即使暂时缺乏干扰因素,也可能会影响性能。在这里,我们表征了特征和联合搜索中主动的自上而下过程的招聘和分散注意力的期望的作用和程度。参与者针对分散注意力的视觉目标进行了特征和联合搜索任务,这些任务经常出现或完全消失。为分散注意力者的期望而招募积极的自上而下的过程的结果是响应速度变慢,更准确的是,在两项任务的频繁干扰者(相对于无干扰者)环境中,在没有干扰者的情况下进行的试验。这些效果在联合任务与特征任务中更大,并且不受刺激持续时间和时间压力的影响(实验1中短暂/存在,实验2中无限/不存在)。当每个试验中存在/不存在干扰物都是可以完全预测的(实验3),并且更改了视觉搜索的多个参数(实验4)时,就可以复制结果。我们的发现表明,与干扰因素期望相关的自上而下的任务集在视觉搜索中带来了性能成本和收益。这些影响发生在整个任务块中,而不是逐个试验,而是通过搜索类型进行调整,并确认主动的自顶向下过程介入了特征搜索。在两项任务的频繁干扰者(相对于非干扰者)环境中进行干扰者不在场的试验。这些效果在联合任务与特征任务中更大,并且不受刺激持续时间和时间压力的影响(实验1中短暂/存在,实验2中无限/不存在)。当每个试验中存在/不存在干扰物都是可以完全预测的(实验3),并且更改了视觉搜索的多个参数(实验4)时,就可以复制结果。我们的发现表明,与干扰因素期望相关的自上而下的任务集在视觉搜索中带来了性能成本和收益。这些影响发生在整个任务块中,而不是逐个尝试,而是通过搜索类型进行调整,并确认主动的自顶向下过程介入了特征搜索。在两项任务的频繁干扰者(相对于非干扰者)环境中进行干扰者不在场的试验。这些效果在联合任务与特征任务中更大,并且不受刺激持续时间和时间压力的影响(实验1中短暂/存在,实验2中无限/不存在)。当每个试验中存在/不存在干扰物都是可以完全预测的(实验3),并且更改了视觉搜索的多个参数(实验4)时,就可以复制结果。我们的发现表明,与干扰因素期望相关的自上而下的任务集在视觉搜索中带来了性能成本和收益。这些影响发生在整个任务块中,而不是逐个试验,而是通过搜索类型进行调整,并确认主动的自顶向下过程介入了特征搜索。
更新日期:2019-11-22
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