Background The relevance of timing of exposure in the associations of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS), pets, and dampness or mould exposure with lung function is unclear. We investigated the relevance of timing of these exposures for lung function in adolescence. Methods We used data from participants of the Dutch Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) cohort with spirometric measurements at ages 12 and 16 years (n=552). Data on residential exposure to SHS, pets, and dampness or mould were obtained by repeated parental questionnaires. We characterised timing of exposure through longitudinal patterns using latent class growth modelling and assessed associations of these patterns with FEV1 and FVC at ages 12 and 16 and FEV1 and FVC growth between ages 12 and 16 using linear regression models. Results Childhood SHS exposure was associated with reduced FEV1 growth/year (95% CI) (−0.34% (−0.64% to −0.04%)). Late childhood and early life pet exposure was associated with increased FEV1 growth (0.41% (0.14% to 0.67%)) and reduced FVC growth (−0.28% (−0.53% to −0.03%)), respectively, compared with very low exposure. Early life dampness or mould exposure was associated with reduced lung function growth. All time windows of SHS exposure tended to be associated with lower attained lung function and pet exposure tended to be associated with higher FEV1. Conclusion SHS exposure during childhood could lead to reduced lung function growth and lower attained lung function in adolescence. While pet exposure in late childhood may not adversely affect lung function, early childhood pet exposure may slow down FVC growth in adolescence.

中文翻译：

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青春期二手烟、宠物、潮湿或霉菌暴露时间和肺功能

背景 二手烟草烟雾 (SHS)、宠物、潮湿或霉菌暴露与肺功能的关联中暴露时间的相关性尚不清楚。我们调查了这些暴露时间与青春期肺功能的相关性。方法 我们使用来自荷兰预防和哮喘和螨虫过敏 (PIAMA) 队列参与者的数据，并在 12 岁和 16 岁时进行肺活量测量 (n=552)。通过重复的父母问卷调查获得住宅暴露于 SHS、宠物、潮湿或霉菌的数据。我们使用潜在类别增长模型通过纵向模式描述暴露时间，并使用线性回归模型评估这些模式与 12 岁和 16 岁时的 FEV1 和 FVC 以及 12 岁和 16 岁之间的 FEV1 和 FVC 增长的关联。结果 儿童期 SHS 暴露与 FEV1 生长/年减少相关 (95% CI) (-0.34% (-0.64% 至 -0.04%))。与非常低的接触相比，儿童晚期和生命早期的宠物接触分别与 FEV1 增长增加（0.41%（0.14% 至 0.67%））和 FVC 增长减少（-0.28%（-0.53% 至 -0.03%））相关. 早期的潮湿或霉菌暴露与肺功能发育下降有关。SHS 暴露的所有时间窗口往往与较低的肺功能相关，而宠物暴露往往与较高的 FEV1 相关。结论 儿童期二手烟暴露可导致青春期肺功能发育减慢和获得性肺功能降低。虽然儿童后期接触宠物可能不会对肺功能产生不利影响，但儿童早期接触宠物可能会减缓青春期 FVC 的增长。