BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lower cognitive ability have been linked with increased likelihood of exposure to adversity. We hypothesized that these associations may be partly due to genetic factors. METHODS We calculated polygenic scores for ADHD and intelligence and assessed psychopathology and general cognitive ability in a sample of 297 youth aged 5-27 years enriched for offspring of parents with mood and psychotic disorders. We calculated an adversity score as a mean of 10 indicators, including socio-economic disadvantage, childhood maltreatment and bullying. We tested the effects of polygenic scores, externalizing symptoms and IQ on adversity scores using mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS Externalizing symptoms and general cognitive ability showed expected positive and negative relationships with adversity, respectively. Polygenic scores for intelligence were unrelated to adversity, but polygenic scores for ADHD were associated with adversity (β = 0.23, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.34, p < .0001). ADHD polygenic scores uniquely explained 4.0% of variance in adversity score. The relationship between polygenic scores for ADHD and adversity was independently significant among individuals with (β = 0.49, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.75, p < .0001) and without (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.26, p = .022) ADHD. CONCLUSIONS A genetic score indexing liability to ADHD was associated with exposure to adversity in early life. Previously observed associations between externalizing symptoms, lower cognitive ability and adversity may be partially attributed to genetic liability to ADHD.

中文翻译：

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有精神疾病风险的青少年面临逆境的神经发育和遗传决定因素。

背景注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）和较低的认知能力与暴露于逆境的可能性增加有关。我们假设这些关联可能部分是由于遗传因素。方法 我们计算了 ADHD 和智力的多基因评分，并评估了 297 名 5-27 岁青年样本的精神病理学和一般认知能力，这些样本丰富了患有情绪和精神病的父母的后代。我们将逆境得分计算为 10 个指标的平均值，包括社会经济劣势、儿童虐待和欺凌。我们使用混合效应线性回归测试了多基因评分、外化症状和智商对逆境评分的影响。结果 外化症状和一般认知能力分别与逆境呈正负相关。智力的多基因评分与逆境无关，但 ADHD 的多基因评分与逆境相关（β = 0.23，95% CI 0.13 至 0.34，p < .0001）。ADHD 多基因评分独特地解释了逆境评分中 4.0% 的差异。ADHD 的多基因评分与逆境之间的关系在有 (β = 0.49, 95% CI 0.25 至 0.75, p < .0001) 和没有 (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.02 至 0.26, p = .022) 的个体中是独立显着的) 多动症。结论 对 ADHD 的遗传评分索引倾向与早期生活中的逆境暴露有关。先前观察到的外化症状之间的关联，