Precise timing in hormone release from the hypothalamus, the pituitary and ovary is critical for fertility. Hormonal release patterns of the reproductive axis are regulated by a feedback loop within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The timing and rhythmicity of hormone release and tissue sensitivity in the HPG axis is regulated by circadian clocks located in the hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus, kisspeptin and GnRH neurons), the pituitary (gonadotrophs), the ovary (theca and granulosa cells), the testis (Leydig cells), as well as the uterus (endometrium and myometrium). The circadian clocks integrate environmental and physiological signals to produce cell endogenous rhythms generated by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop of transcription factors that are collectively called the "molecular clock". This review specifically focuses on the contribution of molecular clock transcription factors in regulating hormone release patterns in the reproductive axis, with an emphasis on the female reproductive system. Specifically, we discuss the contributions of circadian rhythms in distinct neuronal populations of the female hypothalamus, the molecular clock in the pituitary and its overall impact on female and male fertility.

中文翻译：

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昼夜节律核心时钟基因在激素释放和生殖轴靶组织敏感性中的作用。

从下丘脑，垂体和卵巢释放激素的准确时机对生育至关重要。生殖轴的激素释放模式由下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴内的反馈环调节。HPG轴上激素释放的时间和节律以及组织敏感性由位于下丘脑（视交叉上核，kisepteptin和GnRH神经元），垂体（促性腺激素），卵巢（皮膜和颗粒细胞），睾丸的昼夜节律调节。 （Leydig细胞）以及子宫（子宫内膜和子宫肌层）。昼夜节律时钟整合环境和生理信号，以产生由转录因子的转录-翻译反馈环产生的细胞内源性节律，这些转录因子统称为“分子钟”。这篇评论特别侧重于分子时钟转录因子在调节生殖轴激素释放模式中的作用，并着重于女性生殖系统。具体来说，我们讨论了昼夜节律在女性下丘脑的不同神经元群体中的贡献，垂体中的分子钟及其对女性和男性生育力的总体影响。