In recent years, both fields of physics and psychology have made important scientific advances. The emergence of new instruments gave rise to a data-driven neuroscience allowing us to learn about the state of the brain supporting known mental functions and conversely. In parallel, the appearance of new mathematics allowed the development of computational models describing fundamental brain functions and implementing them in technological applications. While emphasizing the methodology of physics, the special issue aims to bring together these trends in both the experimental and theoretical sciences in order to explain some of the most basic mental processes such as perception, cognition, emotion, consciousness, and learning. In this editorial, we define unsolved problems for brain and psychological sciences, discuss possible means toward their respective solutions, and outline some collaborative initiatives aiming toward these goals. The following problems are defined in gradual order of difficulty: what are the universal properties of human behavior across conditions and cultures? What have each culture learned over historical times and why should specific elements of knowledge be accumulated over cultural evolution? Can computational psychiatry help predict, understand, and cure mental disorders? What is the function of art and cultural artifacts such as music, fiction, or poetry for the cognitive system? How to explain the relation between first-person subjective experience and third-person objective physiological data? What neural mechanisms operate on which mental content at the highest levels of organization of the hierarchical brain? How do abstract ideas emerge from sensory-motor contingencies and what are the conditions for the birth of a new concept? Could symmetry play a role in psychogenesis and support the emergence of new hierarchical layers in cognition? How can we start addressing the question of meaning scientifically, and what does it entail for the physical sciences?

中文翻译：

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关于心理物理学的特殊问题的介绍。

近年来，物理学和心理学领域都取得了重要的科学进展。新仪器的出现催生了数据驱动的神经科学，使我们能够了解支持已知心理功能的大脑状态，反之亦然。同时，新数学的出现允许开发描述基本脑功能并在技术应用中实现这些功能的计算模型。在强调物理学的方法论的同时，本期特刊旨在将实验和理论科学中的这些趋势结合在一起，以解释一些最基本的心理过程，例如感知，认知，情感，意识和学习。在这篇社论中，我们定义了脑科学和心理学方面尚未解决的问题，讨论实现各自解决方案的可能方法，并概述一些针对这些目标的协作计划。以下问题是按难度逐步定义的：在各种条件和文化中，人类行为的普遍属性是什么？每种文化在历史上学到了什么？为什么要在文化演变过程中积累特定的知识要素？计算精神病学可以帮助预测，理解和治疗精神疾病吗？艺术和文化人工制品（例如音乐，小说，还是诗歌为认知系统？如何解释第一人称主观体验与第三人称客观生理数据之间的关系？在分级大脑的最高层次上，哪些神经机制对哪种心理内容起作用？感觉运动的偶然性如何产生抽象的思想？新概念的诞生有什么条件？对称性能否在心理发生中起作用，并支持认知中新的层次结构的出现？我们如何开始科学地解决意义问题，它对物理科学意味着什么？