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Sexually dimorphic microglia and ischemic stroke.
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-20 , DOI: 10.1111/cns.13267
Nadine Kerr 1 , Dalton W Dietrich 1 , Helen M Bramlett 1, 2 , Ami P Raval 3
Affiliation  

Ischemic stroke kills more women compared with men thus emphasizing a significant sexual dimorphism in ischemic pathophysiological outcomes. However, the mechanisms behind this sexual dimorphism are yet to be fully understood. It is well established that cerebral ischemia activates a variety of inflammatory cascades and that microglia are the primary immune cells of the brain. After ischemic injury, microglia are activated and play a crucial role in progression and resolution of the neuroinflammatory response. In recent years, research has focused on the role that microglia play in this sexual dimorphism that exists in the response to central nervous system (CNS) injury. Evidence suggests that the molecular mechanisms leading to microglial activation and polarization of phenotypes may be influenced by sex, therefore causing a difference in the pro/anti-inflammatory responses after CNS injury. Here, we review advances highlighting that sex differences in microglia are an important factor in the inflammatory responses that are seen after ischemic injury. We discuss the main differences between microglia in the healthy and diseased developing, adult, and aging brain. We also focus on the dimorphism that exists between males and females in microglial-induced inflammation and energy metabolism after CNS injury. Finally, we describe how all of the current research and literature regarding sex differences in microglia contribute to the differences in poststroke responses between males and females.

中文翻译:

性双态性小胶质细胞和缺血性中风。

与男性相比,缺血性中风杀死更多的女性,从而强调了缺血性病理生理结果中明显的性二态性。但是,这种性二态性背后的机制尚未完全了解。众所周知,脑缺血可激活多种炎症级联反应,小胶质细胞是大脑的主要免疫细胞。缺血性损伤后,小胶质细胞被激活,并在神经炎症反应的进展和消退中起关键作用。近年来,研究集中在小胶质细胞在对中枢神经系统(CNS)损伤的反应中存在的这种性二态性中扮演的角色。有证据表明,导致小胶质细胞活化和表型极化的分子机制可能受到性别的影响,因此导致中枢神经系统损伤后的促炎/抗炎反应有所不同。在这里,我们回顾了一些进展,强调了小胶质细胞的性别差异是缺血性损伤后炎症反应的重要因素。我们讨论了健康和患病的发育中,成年和衰老大脑中的小胶质细胞之间的主要差异。我们还关注中枢神经系统损伤后小胶质细胞诱导的炎症和能量代谢中男性和女性之间存在的二态性。最后,我们描述了有关小胶质细胞性别差异的所有现有研究和文献如何导致男女中风后反应的差异。我们回顾了一些进展,强调了小胶质细胞的性别差异是缺血性损伤后炎症反应的重要因素。我们讨论了健康和患病的发育中,成年和衰老大脑中的小胶质细胞之间的主要差异。我们还关注中枢神经系统损伤后小胶质细胞诱导的炎症和能量代谢中男性和女性之间存在的二态性。最后,我们描述了有关小胶质细胞性别差异的所有现有研究和文献如何导致男女中风后反应的差异。我们回顾了一些进展,强调了小胶质细胞的性别差异是缺血性损伤后炎症反应的重要因素。我们讨论了健康和患病的发育中,成年和衰老大脑中的小胶质细胞之间的主要差异。我们还关注中枢神经系统损伤后小胶质细胞诱导的炎症和能量代谢中男性和女性之间存在的二态性。最后,我们描述了有关小胶质细胞性别差异的所有现有研究和文献如何导致男女中风后反应的差异。我们还关注中枢神经系统损伤后小胶质细胞诱导的炎症和能量代谢中男性和女性之间存在的二态性。最后,我们描述了有关小胶质细胞性别差异的所有现有研究和文献如何导致男女中风后反应的差异。我们还关注中枢神经系统损伤后小胶质细胞诱导的炎症和能量代谢中男性和女性之间存在的二态性。最后,我们描述了有关小胶质细胞性别差异的所有现有研究和文献如何导致男女中风后反应的差异。
更新日期:2019-11-20
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