Objective The impact, positive or negative, of youth sport specialisation (YSS) on short-term and long-term performance is not fully understood; however, the desire to maximise performance goals is generally considered the primary reason children and adolescents specialise at a young age. We performed a systematic review of original research to establish the association of YSS and task-focused or career-focused performance outcomes. Design Systematic review. Data sources Databases searched include PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. Eligibility criteria We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify peer-reviewed research articles published in English between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2018 that reported original findings on the association of YSS and performance outcomes. Studies without an explicit measure of sport specialisation, for example, volume measures without measuring sport specialisation, were excluded. Results Twenty-two articles were included in the final review; 15 addressed career performance outcomes and 7 considered task performance outcomes. All identified studies were cross-sectional or retrospective in design. The proportion of elite athletes who specialised early ranged between 7% and 85%, depending on sport and definition of specialisation. Elite athletes often specialised between the ages of 14 and 15 compared with their non-elite or semi-elite peers who typically specialised prior to 13 years. In addition, neuromuscular control, anterior reach asymmetry and physical task outcomes did not differ by specialisation status. Conclusion The volume and methodological rigour of published research in this field are limited. Our review suggests that YSS is not required to achieve success at elite levels. YSS also does not appear to improve task-related performance (eg, anterior reach, neuromuscular control) outcomes for specialised athletes when compared with non-specialised athletes during childhood and adolescence.

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青少年体育专业化对职业和特定任务运动表现的影响：美国运动医学会 (AMSSM) 合作研究网络 2019 年青少年早期体育专业化峰会之后的系统评价

目标 青少年体育专业化 (YSS) 对短期和长期表现的影响，无论是正面的还是负面的，尚不完全清楚；然而，最大化表现目标的愿望通常被认为是儿童和青少年在年轻时专攻的主要原因。我们对原始研究进行了系统评价，以建立 YSS 与以任务为中心或以职业为中心的绩效结果之间的关联。设计系统审查。数据来源 搜索的数据库包括 PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane、CINAHL 和 SPORTDiscus。资格标准 我们遵循系统评价和元分析的首选报告项目 (PRISMA) 指南来确定 1990 年 1 月 1 日至 2018 年 12 月 31 日期间以英语发表的同行评议研究文章，这些文章报告了关于 YSS 和绩效结果关联的原始发现。没有明确测量运动专业化的研究，例如没有测量运动专业化的体积测量，被排除在外。结果 22篇文章被纳入最终评价；15 项解决了职业绩效结果，7 项考虑了任务绩效结果。所有确定的研究在设计上都是横断面或回顾性的。早期专业化的精英运动员的比例在 7% 到 85% 之间，具体取决于运动和专业化的定义。精英运动员的专业化年龄通常在 14 到 15 岁之间，而非精英或半精英运动员的专业化年龄通常在 13 岁之前。此外，神经肌肉控制、前伸不对称和体力任务结果没有因专业化状态而异。结论 该领域已发表研究的数量和方法严谨性是有限的。我们的审查表明，在精英级别取得成功不需要 YSS。与儿童和青春期的非专业运动员相比，YSS 似乎也没有改善专业运动员的任务相关表现（例如，前伸、神经肌肉控制）结果。前伸不对称和体力任务结果没有因专业化状态而异。结论 该领域已发表研究的数量和方法严谨性是有限的。我们的审查表明，在精英级别取得成功不需要 YSS。与儿童和青春期的非专业运动员相比，YSS 似乎也没有改善专业运动员的任务相关表现（例如，前伸、神经肌肉控制）结果。前伸不对称和体力任务结果没有因专业化状态而异。结论 该领域已发表研究的数量和方法严谨性是有限的。我们的审查表明，在精英级别取得成功不需要 YSS。与儿童和青春期的非专业运动员相比，YSS 似乎也没有改善专业运动员的任务相关表现（例如，前伸、神经肌肉控制）结果。