Stable and High-Power Calcium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Calcium Intercalation into Graphite.,Advanced Materials

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Stable and High-Power Calcium-Ion Batteries Enabled by Calcium Intercalation into Graphite.
Advanced Materials ( IF 27.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-18 , DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904411
Jooha Park ₁ , Zheng-Long Xu ₁ , Gabin Yoon ₁ , Sung Kwan Park ₁ , Jian Wang ₂ , Hyejeong Hyun ₂ , Hyeokjun Park ₁ , Jongwoo Lim ₂ , Yoon-Joo Ko ₃ , Young Soo Yun ₄ , Kisuk Kang _{1,

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Affiliation

Calcium-ion batteries (CIBs) are considered to be promising next-generation energy storage systems because of the natural abundance of calcium and the multivalent calcium ions with low redox potential close to that of lithium. However, the practical realization of high-energy and high-power CIBs is elusive owing to the lack of suitable electrodes and the sluggish diffusion of calcium ions in most intercalation hosts. Herein, it is demonstrated that calcium-ion intercalation can be remarkably fast and reversible in natural graphite, constituting the first step toward the realization of high-power calcium electrodes. It is shown that a graphite electrode exhibits an exceptionally high rate capability up to 2 A g-1 , delivering ≈75% of the specific capacity at 50 mA g-1 with full calcium intercalation in graphite corresponding to ≈97 mAh g-1 . Moreover, the capacity stably maintains over 200 cycles without notable cycle degradation. It is found that the calcium ions are intercalated into graphite galleries with a staging process. The intercalation mechanisms of the "calciated" graphite are elucidated using a suite of techniques including synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and first-principles calculations. The versatile intercalation chemistry of graphite observed here is expected to spur the development of high-power CIBs.

中文翻译：

通过将钙嵌入石墨可以实现稳定的高功率钙离子电池。

钙离子电池（CIB）被认为是有前途的下一代能量存储系统，因为钙的自然丰度和具有低氧化还原电势的接近锂的多价钙离子。然而，由于缺乏合适的电极以及大多数嵌入主体中钙离子的缓慢扩散，高能量和高功率CIB的实际实现难以实现。在此，证明了在天然石墨中钙离子的插入可以显着地快速和可逆，构成了朝着实现高功率钙电极的第一步。结果表明，石墨电极显示出高达2 A g-1的极高倍率能力，在50 mA g-1时可提供≈75％的比容量，并且在石墨中的钙完全嵌入量相当于≈97mAh g-1。而且，该容量稳定地维持了200个以上的循环，而没有明显的循环劣化。已经发现，钙离子通过分段过程插入到石墨通道中。使用一套技术，包括同步加速器原位X射线衍射，核磁共振和第一性原理计算，阐明了“钙化”石墨的嵌入机理。在此观察到的石墨的通用插层化学有望刺激大功率CIB的发展。使用包括同步加速器原位X射线衍射，核磁共振和第一性原理计算在内的一系列技术阐明了石墨。在此观察到的石墨的通用插层化学有望刺激大功率CIB的发展。使用包括同步加速器原位X射线衍射，核磁共振和第一性原理计算在内的一系列技术阐明了石墨。在此观察到的石墨的通用插层化学有望刺激大功率CIB的发展。

更新日期：2020-01-27

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