Background

Foods have been commercially frozen for over 140 years. While improper frozen storage often causes food quality loss, the frozen damage induced by ice crystal growth is a serious problem. Freezing point (FP) regulation that promotes and inhibits ice nucleation, and controls ice crystal growth and recrystallization, may alleviate this problem. Some naturally sourced biosubstances with eco-friendly, green, nontoxic and highly effective characteristics are verified to regulate FP, showing potential for application in foods and food-related areas.

Scope and approach

This review introduces three groups of FP-regulating biosubstances, including ice-nucleating proteins (INPs), anti-freezing proteins (AFPs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Existing knowledge of these biosubstances and updated information concerning their mechanisms for regulating FP are summarized. In addition, current applications of these natural FP regulators in foods or in food-related areas are presented, involving food processing, packaging and transgenic foods. Future applications of these biosubstances in the food and food-related researches are briefly discussed.

Key findings and conclusions

The effect of natural FP regulators in improving food quality is worthy of further investigation into more extensive food applications, especially for INPs and NADES. The current review indicates that natural FP regulating biosubstances reveal application potential in foods and food-related areas. Future studies should mainly focus on bio-based or bio-inspired anti-freezing, micro/none ice-based cold storage and energy conservation in the food and food-related researches.

中文翻译：

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用于调节食品研究中冰点的天然生物物质：基本原理，当前应用和未来趋势

背景

食品已被商业冷冻超过140年。尽管不适当的冷冻储存通常会导致食品质量下降，但冰晶生长引起的冷冻破坏却是一个严重的问题。促进和抑制冰成核并控制冰晶生长和重结晶的凝固点（FP）调节可以缓解此问题。已验证了一些具有生态友好，绿色，无毒和高效特性的天然来源的生物物质，可以调节FP，显示出在食品和食品相关领域中应用的潜力。

范围和方法

这篇综述介绍了三类调节FP的生物物质，包括冰核蛋白（INP），抗冻蛋白（AFP）和天然深共熔溶剂（NADES）。总结了有关这些生物物质的现有知识以及有关其调节FP机理的最新信息。此外，介绍了这些天然FP调节剂在食品或与食品相关的领域中的当前应用，涉及食品加工，包装和转基因食品。简要讨论了这些生物物质在食品和食品相关研究中的未来应用。

主要发现和结论

天然FP调节剂在改善食品质量方面的作用值得进一步研究，尤其是对于INP和NADES，应在更广泛的食品中进行应用。当前的审查表明，天然FP调节生物物质揭示了在食品和食品相关领域中的应用潜力。未来的研究应主要集中在食品和与食品相关的研究中基于生物或生物启发的防冻，基于微/无冰的冷藏和节能。