The growing popularity of physical sunscreens will lead to an increased release of ingredients from zinc oxide (ZnO) sunscreens into marine environments. Though zinc (Zn) is a necessary micronutrient in the ocean, greater than natural Zn concentrations may be released into marine environments by use of sunscreens. The extent of the consequences of this addition of Zn to the ocean are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of materials released by ZnO- sunscreens on the development of California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Embryos incubated in various concentrations of Zn (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L), the sources of which included zinc-containing compounds: ZnO and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4); and ZnO sunscreens: All Good, Badger, and Raw Elements brands. Based on EC50 values, ZnO-containing sunscreens were slightly, but not significantly, more toxic than ZnO and ZnSO4, suggesting that sunscreens may release additional unknown materials that are detrimental to sea urchin embryo development. All concentrations of Zn-exposure resulted in significant malformations (skeletal abnormality, stage arrest, axis determination disruption), which were identified using light and fluorescence confocal microscopy. The concentration of Zn2+ internalized by the developing embryos correlated positively with the concentration of Zn in seawater. Additionally, exposure to both ZnO sunscreens and ZnO and ZnSO4 at 1 mg/L Zn, significantly increased calcein-AM (CAM) accumulation, indicating decreased multidrug resistant (MDR) transporter activity. This is one of the first studies documenting ZnO-containing sunscreens release high concentrations of Zn that are internalized by and have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms.

中文翻译：

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三种含锌防晒剂对紫海胆（Strongylocentrotus purpuratusus）胚胎发育的影响。

物理防晒霜的日益普及将导致成分从氧化锌（ZnO）防晒霜向海洋环境的释放增加。尽管锌（Zn）是海洋中必需的微量营养元素，但使用防晒霜可能会将高于自然浓度的Zn释放到海洋环境中。完全不了解这种向海洋中添加锌的后果的程度。我们调查了ZnO防晒剂释放的材料对加利福尼亚紫海胆（Strongylocentrotus purpuratus）发育的影响。胚胎在各种浓度的Zn（0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg / L）中孵育，其来源包括含锌化合物：ZnO和硫酸锌（ZnSO4）；和ZnO防晒霜：所有Good，Badger和Raw Elements品牌。根据EC50值，含ZnO的防晒霜略有 但毒性不明显，比ZnO和ZnSO4毒性更大，这表明防晒霜可能释放出其他有害物质，这些物质不利于海胆胚胎的发育。所有浓度的锌暴露都会导致严重的畸形（骨骼异常，阶段停滞，轴确定性破坏），可通过光和荧光共聚焦显微镜进行鉴定。发育中的胚胎内在化的Zn2 +的浓度与海水中Zn的浓度呈正相关。此外，以1 mg / L Zn暴露于ZnO防晒霜和ZnO和ZnSO4时，钙黄绿素-AM（CAM）积累显着增加，表明多药抗性（MDR）转运蛋白活性降低。