The Cirrhopetalum alliance is a loosely circumscribed species-rich group within the mega-diverse genus Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae). The monophyletic status of the alliance has been challenged by previous studies, although established sectional classifications have yet to be tested in a phylogenetic context. We used maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of DNA sequence data (cpDNA: matK and psbA-trnH; nrDNA: ITS and Xdh; 3509 aligned characters; 117 taxa), including all sections putatively associated with the Cirrhopetalum alliance, to reconstruct the phylogeny. We mapped 11 selected categorical floral characters onto the phylogeny to identify synapomorphies and assess potential evolutionary transitions across major clades. Our results unequivocally support the recognition of an amended Cirrhopetalum alliance as a well-supported monophyletic group characterized by clear synapomorphies, following the inclusion of sect. Desmosanthes and the exclusion of five putative Cirrhopetalum-allied sections. Most sections within the Cirrhopetalum alliance are demonstrated to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic, necessitating a new sectional classification. The inclusion of sect. Desmosanthes revolutionizes our understanding of the alliance, with significant evolutionary transitions in floral characters detected. We further investigated six continuously variable characters of the sepals and labellum, and detect phylogenetic conservatism in labellum width and the evolutionary lability of lateral sepal length, which can partly be explained by the different functional roles they play in pollination and pollinator trapping.

中文翻译：

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葫芦巴同盟（Bulbophyllum，兰科）的分子系统发育和花进化：进化转变和系统发生信号的变化。

Cirrhopetalum联盟是大型多样的Bulbophyllum（Orchidaceae）属中一个松散界定的物种丰富的群体。联盟的单系统状态已受到先前研究的挑战，尽管尚未建立系统的分类分类，但尚未在系统发育背景下进行测试。我们使用最大似然和DNA序列数据的贝叶斯分析（cpDNA：matK和psbA-trnH; nrDNA：ITS和Xdh; 3509对齐的字符; 117类群），包括与推定的瓜草联盟相关的所有部分，以重建系统发育。我们将11个选定的分类花卉特征映射到系统发育上，以鉴定亚同型并评估主要进化枝间的潜在进化过渡。我们的研究结果明确地支持将经修改的大叶古兰氏联盟识别为一个具有良好支持的，以清楚的同形同形为特征的单系统群体，在纳入该教派之后。去除花胶和排除五个推定的瓜草相关切片。葫芦巴同盟中的大多数部分都被证明是多系的或近系的，因此需要进行新的科分类。包含教派。Desmosanthes彻底改变了我们对同盟的理解，并检测到花卉特征发生了重大的进化转变。我们进一步调查了萼片和唇lum的六个连续可变特征，并检测了唇lum宽度和横向萼片长的进化不稳定性的系统发育保守性，