Contemporary climate change is proceeding at an unprecedented rate. The question remains whether populations adapted to historical conditions can persist under rapid environmental change. We tested whether climate change will disrupt local adaptation and reduce population growth rates using the perennial plant Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). In a large-scale field experiment conducted over five years, we exposed > 106 000 transplants to historical, current, or future climates and quantified fitness components. Low-elevation populations outperformed local populations under simulated climate change (snow removal) across all five experimental gardens. Local maladaptation also emerged in control treatments, but it was less pronounced than under snow removal. We recovered local adaptation under snow addition treatments, which reflect historical conditions. Our results revealed that low elevation populations risk rapid decline, whereas upslope migration could enable population persistence and expansion at higher elevation locales. Local adaptation to historical conditions could increase vulnerability to climate change, even for geographically widespread species.

中文翻译：

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气候变化破坏了当地的适应，并促进了上坡迁移。

当代气候变化正以前所未有的速度进行。问题仍然在于，适应历史条件的人口能否在迅速的环境变化中继续存在。我们使用多年生植物Boechera stricta（Brassicaceae）测试了气候变化是否会破坏当地的适应能力并降低人口增长率。在过去的五年中进行的大规模实地试验中，我们将超过106 000例移植暴露于历史，当前或未来的气候以及量化的适应性成分中。在所有五个实验花园中，在模拟气候变化（除雪）下，低海拔种群的表现均优于本地种群。对照治疗中也出现了局部适应不良，但没有除雪情况下明显。我们在除雪处理下恢复了当地的适应能力，反映了历史条件。我们的结果表明，低海拔人群面临快速下降的风险，而高坡迁移可能使高海拔地区的人口持续存在并扩大。对历史条件的局部适应可能增加对气候变化的脆弱性，即使对于地理分布广泛的物种也是如此。