BACKGROUND Limited information is available on added sugars consumption in US infants and toddlers. OBJECTIVES To present national estimates of added sugars intake among US infants and toddlers by sociodemographic characteristics, to identify top sources of added sugars, and to examine trends in added sugars intake. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of 1 day of 24-hour dietary recall data. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING A nationally representative sample of US infants aged 0 to 11 months and toddlers aged 12 to 23 months (n=1,211) during the period from 2011 through 2016 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends were assessed from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 (n=2,795). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Among infants and toddlers, the proportion consuming any added sugars, the average amount of added sugars consumed, percent of total energy from added sugars, and top sources of added sugars intake. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Paired t tests were used to compare differences by age, sex, race/Hispanic origin, family income level, and head of household education level. Trends were tested using orthogonal polynomials. Significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS During 2011 to 2016, 84.4% of infants and toddlers consumed added sugars on a given day. A greater proportion of toddlers (98.3%) consumed added sugars than infants (60.6%). The mean amount of added sugars toddlers consumed was also more compared with infants (5.8 vs 0.9 tsp). Non-Hispanic black toddlers (8.2 tsp) consumed more added sugars than non-Hispanic Asian (3.7 tsp), non-Hispanic white (5.3 tsp), and Hispanic (5.9 tsp) toddlers. A similar pattern was observed for percent energy from added sugars. For infants, top sources of added sugars were yogurt, baby food snacks/sweets, and sweet bakery products; top sources among toddlers were fruit drinks, sugars/sweets, and sweet bakery products. The mean amount of added sugars decreased from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 for both age groups; however, percent energy from added sugars only decreased among infants. CONCLUSION Added sugars intake was observed among infants/toddlers and varied by age and race and Hispanic origin. Added sugars intake, as a percent of energy, decreased only among infants from 2005 to 2016.

中文翻译：

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美国婴儿和幼儿的糖摄入量增加

背景技术关于美国婴儿和幼儿的添加糖摄入量的可用信息有限。目标 根据社会人口学特征，提出美国婴幼儿添加糖摄入量的全国估计值，确定添加糖的主要来源，并检查添加糖摄入量的趋势。设计 1 天 24 小时饮食回忆数据的横断面分析。参与者/环境 2011 年至 2016 年期间国家健康和营养检查调查中具有全国代表性的 0 至 11 个月的美国婴儿和 12 至 23 个月的幼儿 (n=1,211)。对 2005-2006 年至 2015-2016 年的趋势进行了评估（n=2,795）。主要观察指标：婴幼儿中添加糖的摄入比例、添加糖的平均摄入量、添加糖占总能量的百分比以及添加糖摄入的主要来源。统计分析 配对 t 检验用于比较年龄、性别、种族/西班牙裔血统、家庭收入水平和户主教育水平的差异。使用正交多项式测试趋势。显着性设定为P<0.05。结果 2011 年至 2016 年期间，84.4% 的婴幼儿在某一天摄入了添加糖。幼儿 (98.3%) 摄入添加糖的比例高于婴儿 (60.6%)。与婴儿相比，幼儿平均摄入的添加糖量也更多（5.8 茶匙 vs 0.9 茶匙）。非西班牙裔黑人幼儿（8.2 茶匙）比非西班牙裔亚裔（3.7 茶匙）、非西班牙裔白人（5.3 茶匙）和西班牙裔（5.9 茶匙）幼儿消耗更多的添加糖。添加糖的能量百分比也观察到类似的模式。对于婴儿来说，添加糖的主要来源是酸奶、婴儿食品零食/糖果和甜烘焙产品；幼儿的主要来源是果汁饮料、糖/糖果和甜烘焙产品。从 2005 年至 2006 年到 2015 年至 2016 年，两个年龄组的平均添加糖量均有所下降；然而，添加糖所提供的能量百分比仅在婴儿中有所下降。结论 在婴儿/幼儿中观察到添加糖的摄入量，并因年龄、种族和西班牙裔血统而异。从 2005 年到 2016 年，仅婴儿的添加糖摄入量占能量的百分比有所下降。