BACKGROUND Childhood adversity (CA) is strongly associated with mental health problems. Resilience factors (RFs) reduce mental health problems following CA. Yet, knowledge on the nature of RFs is scarce. Therefore, we examined RF mean levels, RF interrelations, RF-distress pathways, and their changes between early (age 14) and later adolescence (age 17). METHODS We studied 10 empirically supported RFs in adolescents with (CA+; n = 631) and without CA (CA-; n = 499), using network psychometrics. RESULTS All inter-personal RFs (e.g. friendships) showed stable mean levels between age 14 and 17, and three of seven intra-personal RFs (e.g. distress tolerance) changed in a similar manner in the two groups. The CA+ group had lower RFs and higher distress at both ages. Thus, CA does not seem to inhibit RF changes, but to increase the risk of persistently lower RFs. At age 14, but not 17, the RF network of the CA+ group was less positively connected, suggesting that RFs are less likely to enhance each other than in the CA- group. Those findings underpin the notion that CA has a predominantly strong proximal effect. RF-distress pathways did not differ in strength between the CA+ and the CA- group, which suggests that RFs have a similarly protective strength in the two groups. Yet, as RFs are lower and distress is higher, RF-distress pathways may overall be less advantageous in the CA+ group. Most RF interrelations and RF-distress pathways were stable between age 14 and 17, which may help explain why exposure to CA is frequently found to have a lasting impact on mental health. CONCLUSIONS Our findings not only shed light on the nature and changes of RFs between early and later adolescence, but also offer some accounts for why exposure to CA has stronger proximal effects and is often found to have a lasting impact on mental health.

中文翻译：

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揭示复原力因素的复杂性及其在青春期早期和后期之间的变化。

背景童年逆境（CA）与心理健康问题密切相关。复原力因素 (RF) 可减少 CA 后的心理健康问题。然而，关于 RF 本质的知识却很少。因此，我们检查了 RF 平均水平、RF 相互关系、RF 痛苦通路，以及它们在青春期早期（14 岁）和青春期后期（17 岁）之间的变化。方法 我们使用网络心理测量学研究了 10 个经验支持的青少年有（CA+；n = 631）和没有 CA（CA-；n = 499）的 RFs。结果 所有人际 RFs（例如友谊）在 14 至 17 岁之间均显示稳定的平均水平，并且两组中七个人际 RFs（例如痛苦耐受性）中的三个以类似的方式变化。CA+ 组在两个年龄都有较低的 RF 和较高的痛苦。因此，CA 似乎不会抑制 RF 变化，但会增加持续降低 RF 的风险。在 14 岁而非 17 岁时，CA+ 组的 RF 网络的正向连接较少，这表明 RF 相互增强的可能性低于 CA-组。这些发现支持了 CA 具有主要强的近端效应的概念。CA+组和CA-组之间的RF-distress途径在强度上没有差异，这表明RF在两组中具有相似的保护强度。然而，由于 RF 较低且痛苦较高，RF 痛苦路径在 CA+ 组中总体上可能不太有利。大多数射频相互关系和射频痛苦通路在 14 至 17 岁之间保持稳定，这可能有助于解释为什么经常发现接触 CA 会对心理健康产生持久影响。