BACKGROUND Although selenium is an essential element for humans, acute toxicity has been reported after high oral exposure. METHODS The published literature on the acute toxicity of oral selenium was gathered and reviewed. RESULTS Reported symptoms and signs include abdominal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, pain, and nausea, as well as garlic-like odor on the breath. In cases of severe toxicity, cardiac and pulmonary symptoms may develop and ultimately lead to mortality. Mortality has been described after the ingestion of gun bluing solutions, which often contain selenous acid among other potentially toxic substances. Mortality has also been reported after the ingestion of other forms of selenium. Ingested doses associated with mortality are in the range of 1-100 mg Se/kg body weight. Blood levels associated with mortality are above 300 μg Se/L (normal level: 100 μg/L), whereas urinary levels associated with the same endpoint are above170 μg Se/L (normal level: 20-90 μg/L). CONCLUSION The acute toxicity associated with oral selenium ingestion and the blood and urinary levels of selenium in different cases of poisonings were reviewed. Mortality is a risk of acute selenium poisoning. Concentrations of selenium in blood and urine samples in non-fatal cases are close to those observed in fatal cases.

中文翻译：

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硒摄入后的急性人类毒性和死亡率：综述。

背景技术尽管硒是人类必需的元素，但据报道，高剂量的口服后会引起急性毒性。方法收集并审查了有关口服硒急性毒性的已发表文献。结果报告的症状和体征包括腹部症状，例如呕吐，腹泻，疼痛和恶心，以及呼吸中的大蒜味。在严重的毒性反应中，可能会出现心脏和肺部症状，并最终导致死亡。摄入枪蓝溶液后已经描述了死亡率，枪蓝溶液通常含有亚硒酸以及其他潜在的有毒物质。摄入其他形式的硒后也有死亡率的报道。与死亡率有关的摄入剂量为1-100 mg Se / kg体重。与死亡率相关的血液水平高于300μgSe / L（正常水平：100μg/ L），而与同一终点相关的尿水平高于170μgSe / L（正常水平：20-90μg/ L）。结论回顾了在不同中毒情况下口服硒摄入及血液和尿中硒的急性毒性。死亡率是急性硒中毒的风险。在非致命病例中，血液和尿液样品中的硒含量接近于致命病例中的硒含量。死亡率是急性硒中毒的风险。在非致命病例中，血液和尿液样品中的硒含量接近于致命病例中的硒含量。死亡率是急性硒中毒的风险。在非致命病例中，血液和尿液样品中的硒浓度接近于致命病例中的硒浓度。