Obesity and diabetes have both been associated with an increased risk of cancer. In the face of increasing obesity and diabetes rates worldwide, this is a worrying trend for cancer rates. Factors such as hyperinsulinemia, chronic inflammation, antihyperglycemic medications, and shared risk factors have all been identified as potential mechanisms underlying the relationship. The most common obesity- and diabetes-related cancers are endometrial, colorectal, and postmenopausal breast cancers. In this review, we summarize the existing evidence that describes the complex relationship between obesity, diabetes, and cancer, focusing on epidemiological and pathophysiological evidence, and also reviewing the role of antihyperglycemic agents, novel research approaches such as Mendelian Randomization, and the methodological limitations of existing research. In addition, we also describe the bidirectional relationship between diabetes and cancer with a review of the evidence summarizing the risk of diabetes following cancer treatment. We conclude this review by providing clinical implications that are relevant for caring for patients with obesity, diabetes, and cancer and provide recommendations for improving both clinical care and research for patients with these conditions.

中文翻译：

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综述：糖尿病，肥胖症和癌症的病理生理学及其临床意义。

肥胖和糖尿病都与癌症风险增加有关。面对全世界肥胖和糖尿病发病率不断上升的趋势，这是令人担忧的癌症发病率趋势。高胰岛素血症，慢性炎症，降糖药物和共同的危险因素等因素均已被确定为潜在的关系机制。与肥胖和糖尿病相关的最常见癌症是子宫内膜癌，结直肠癌和绝经后乳腺癌。在这篇综述中，我们总结了描述肥胖，糖尿病和癌症之间复杂关系的现有证据，重点是流行病学和病理生理学证据，并综述了降糖药的作用，孟德尔随机化等新颖的研究方法以及方法学上的局限性现有研究。此外，我们还概述了癌症治疗后患糖尿病的风险，从而描述了糖尿病与癌症之间的双向关系。我们通过提供与肥胖症，糖尿病和癌症患者的护理有关的临床意义来结束本综述，并为改善患有这些疾病的患者的临床护理和研究提供建议。