Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.

中文翻译：

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2019 年烟曲霉和曲霉病。

烟曲霉是一种腐生真菌；它的主要栖息地是土壤。在其生态位中，真菌学会了如何在恶劣的环境中适应和繁殖。这种能力帮助真菌抵抗人类宿主的防御并存活下来，并且进一步导致了发病率和死亡率最具破坏性的肺部感染之一。在本次综述中，我们将提供（i）烟曲霉生物周期的描述；(ii) 曲霉病谱的历史视角以及这些感染的当前流行病学状况；(iii) 免疫功能正常和免疫功能低下的患者中针对曲霉菌的免疫应答模式的分析；(iv) 了解导致真菌毒力的途径及其宿主分子靶标，特别关注细胞壁；(v) 不同临床综合征的诊断现状；(vi) 现有抗真菌药物和临床治疗策略的概述。此外，营养免疫、肺部侵袭过程中多种真菌代谢活动的整合和重新布线等新概念的出现，帮助我们重新定义了烟曲霉的机会性发病机制。