Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation.,Journal of Internal Medicine

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Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation.
Journal of Internal Medicine ( IF 9.0 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-11 , DOI: 10.1111/joim.13006
M A Cox ₁ , C Bassi ₁ , M E Saunders ₁ , R Nechanitzky ₁ , I Morgado-Palacin ₁ , C Zheng ₁ , T W Mak _{1,

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Affiliation

Acetylcholine (ACh) is best known as a neurotransmitter and was the first such molecule identified. ACh signalling in the neuronal cholinergic system has long been known to regulate numerous biological processes (reviewed by Beckmann and Lips). In actuality, ACh is a ubiquitous signalling molecule that is produced by numerous non-neuronal cell types and even by some single-celled organisms. Within multicellular organisms, a non-neuronal cholinergic system that includes the immune system functions in parallel with the neuronal cholinergic system. Several immune cell types both respond to ACh signals and can directly produce ACh. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the capacity to produce ACh is an intrinsic property of T cells responding to viral infection, and that this ability to produce ACh is dependent upon IL-21 signalling to the T cells. Furthermore, during infection this immune-derived ACh is necessary for the T cells to migrate into infected tissues. In this review, we will discuss the various sources of ACh that are relevant during immune responses and describe how ACh acts on immune cells to influence their functions. We will also address the clinical implications of this fascinating aspect of immunity, focusing on ACh's role in the migration of T cells during infection and cancer.

中文翻译：

超越神经传递：乙酰胆碱具有免疫和炎症作用。

乙酰胆碱（ACh）最有名的是一种神经递质，并且是第一个被发现的此类分子。长期以来，神经元胆碱能系统中的ACh信号调节许多生物过程（Beckmann和Lips综述）。实际上，ACh是一种普遍存在的信号分子，由多种非神经细胞类型甚至某些单细胞生物产生。在多细胞生物体内，包括免疫系统在内的非神经元胆碱能系统的功能与神经元胆碱能系统平行。几种免疫细胞均对ACh信号作出反应，并可以直接产生ACh。我们实验室的最新工作表明，产生ACh的能力是T细胞对病毒感染做出反应的固有特性，并且产生ACh的能力取决于IL-21向T细胞的信号传导。此外，在感染期间，这种免疫衍生的ACh对于T细胞迁移到感染的组织中是必需的。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论在免疫应答过程中与乙酰胆碱有关的各种来源，并描述乙酰胆碱如何作用于免疫细胞以影响其功能。我们还将探讨免疫力这一令人着迷的方面的临床意义，重点是ACh在感染和癌症期间在T细胞迁移中的作用。

更新日期：2019-12-04

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