ABSTRACT Over the past several decades, large efforts have been made to diagnose and overcome prostate cancer. Among all screening methods, the measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) threshold has been stood out and contributed to diagnose prostate cancer (PCa) in a large number of men. Nevertheless, the early detection of prostate carcinoma and its focal imaging is remaining crucial to diminish the elevated number of PCa-related deaths. Because of the multifocal behavior of PCa development, a whole gland ablation has been practiced during previous years. Furthermore, there is an evidence of the likelihood of high-risk PCa that proves once again the importance of early diagnosis and accurate staging of the disease. So far, numerous advanced spectroscopic methods with different approaches have been reported as the alternative tools to conventional techniques of PCa diagnosis and imaging. In this review, we introduce innovative emerging techniques utilizing spectroscopic methods such as photoluminescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and surface plasmon resonance to measure the ultralow level of PSA. In addition, we review novel and alternative approaches of diagnosis such as imaging methods through photoluminescence, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography.

中文翻译：

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用于前列腺癌诊断的新兴光谱技术

摘要 在过去的几十年里，人们做出了巨大的努力来诊断和克服前列腺癌。在所有筛查方法中，前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA) 阈值的测量已脱颖而出，并有助于诊断大量男性的前列腺癌 (PCa)。尽管如此，前列腺癌的早期检测及其局灶成像对于减少 PCa 相关死亡人数的增加仍然至关重要。由于 PCa 发展的多焦点行为，前几年已经实施了整个腺体消融。此外，有证据表明存在高风险 PCa 的可能性再次证明了疾病早期诊断和准确分期的重要性。迄今为止，许多具有不同方法的先进光谱方法已被报道为传统 PCa 诊断和成像技术的替代工具。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了利用光谱方法（如光致发光、表面增强拉曼光谱和表面等离子体共振）来测量超低水平 PSA 的创新新兴技术。此外，我们回顾了新的和替代的诊断方法，例如通过光致发光、磁共振成像和正电子发射断层扫描的成像方法。