Abstract The quality of Kinnow fruit was assessed in different ecological zones by selecting three main districts: Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari; all of them have varying environmental conditions. Abiotic and biotic stress on fruit quality was assessed. More growing degree days, photothermal index, photo and helio thermal units were computed in Vehari, while hydrothermal units and energy use efficiency were recorded in higher values at TTS. Fruit diameter was measured from April to December and recorded with increased width in TTS and Vehari during May and June. In May, more fruit drop was noted in TTS and Vehari compared to Sargodha due to heat stress. Pests such as citrus thrips, mites and fruit fly infected fruits were recorded in higher percentage at Vehari and TTS, while citrus red scale infestation was seen more in Sargodha. In Sargodha, a higher incidence of citrus scab and melanose was noted on Kinnow fruits, while more stem-end rot infected fruits were recorded at TTS and Vehari. In abiotic stress, more wind scares were noted at Sargodha, followed by TTS, whereas stem injury and styler-end deformity were found to be non-significant. Fruit physical parameters such as width, fresh weight and peel thickness were noted more in TTS and Vehari, while more surface smoothness and firmness were observed in Sargodha. Biochemical properties such as pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, sugars, ascorbic acid, total dissolved salts and electrical conductivity showed higher levels in Sargodha than TTS and Vehari. More antioxidant and total anthocyanins were found in Sargodha, while higher levels of total phenolic contents were estimated at TTS and total flavonoids in Vehari. Kinnow fruit of Sargodha received more sensory scores in organoleptic evaluation. Higher percentage of A-grade fruits was harvested from Sargodha and B-grade fruits from TTS and Vehari. More numbers of fruits and weight were obtained from TTS, followed by Sargodha. Extreme events such as heat stress and smog were seen more in Vehari and TTS and subsequently their fruit quality was found to be inferior.

中文翻译：

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气候变化情景下不同生态区非生物和生物胁迫对金诺果实品质的影响

摘要 通过选择三个主要地区：Sargodha、Toba Tek Singh (TTS) 和 Vehari，对不同生态区的 Kinnow 水果进行质量评估；它们都有不同的环境条件。评估了对果实品质的非生物和生物胁迫。在 Vehari 计算了更多的生长期日数、光热指数、光热单位和日光热单位，而在 TTS 以更高的值记录了水热单位和能源利用效率。果实直径在 4 月至 12 月期间测量，并在 5 月和 6 月期间记录 TTS 和 Vehari 的宽度增加。5 月，由于热应激，TTS 和 Vehari 的落果率高于 Sargodha。在 Vehari 和 TTS 记录到柑橘蓟马、螨虫和果蝇感染水果等害虫的百分比较高，而在 Sargodha 中则更多地看到柑橘红色鳞屑侵染。在 Sargodha，在 Kinnow 果实上注意到柑橘疮痂病和黑素病的发生率较高，而在 TTS 和 Vehari 记录到更多的茎端腐烂感染果实。在非生物胁迫下，在 Sargodha 注意到更多的风恐慌，其次是 TTS，而发现茎损伤和造型器末端畸形不显着。在 TTS 和 Vehari 中观察到更多的果实物理参数，如宽度、鲜重和果皮厚度，而在 Sargodha 中观察到更多的表面光滑度和硬度。生化特性，如 pH 值、总可溶性固体、可滴定酸度、糖、抗坏血酸、总溶解盐和电导率在 Sargodha 中显示出高于 TTS 和 Vehari 的水平。在 Sargodha 中发现了更多的抗氧化剂和总花青素，而在 Vehari 中，TTS 和总黄酮类化合物的总酚含量较高。Sargodha 的 Kinnow 果实在感官评价中获得了更多的感官评分。从 Sargodha 收获的 A 级水果比例较高，从 TTS 和 Vehari 收获的 B 级水果比例更高。从 TTS 获得更多的水果和重量，其次是 Sargodha。在 Vehari 和 TTS 中更多地出现热应激和烟雾等极端事件，随后发现它们的果实​​质量较差。