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Complement dysregulation in glomerulonephritis.
Seminars in Immunology ( IF 7.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-09 , DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101331
Kati Kaartinen 1 , Adrian Safa 2 , Soumya Kotha 2 , Giorgio Ratti 2 , Seppo Meri 3
Affiliation  

Glomerulonephritis (GN) refers to a group of renal diseases affecting the glomeruli due to the damage mediated by immunological mechanisms. A large proportion of the disease manifestations are caused by disturbances in the complement system. They can be due to genetic errors, autoimmunity, microbes or abnormal immunoglobulins, like modified IgA or paraproteins. The common denominator in most of the problems is an overactive or misdirected alternative pathway complement activation. An assessment of kidney function, amount of proteinuria and hematuria are crucial elements to evaluate, when glomerulonephritis is suspected. However, the cornerstones of the diagnoses are renal biopsy and careful examination of the complement abnormality. Differential diagnostics between the various forms of GN is not possible based on clinical features, as they may vary greatly. This review describes the known mechanisms of complement dysfunction leading to different forms of primary GN (like IgA glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease, C3 glomerulonephritis, post-infectious GN, membranous GN) and differences to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. It also covers the basic elements of etiology-directed therapy and prognosis of the most common forms of GN. Common principles in the management of GN include treatment of hypertension and reduction of proteinuria, some require immunomodulating treatment. Complement inhibition is an emerging treatment option. A thorough understanding of the basic disease mechanism and a careful follow-up are needed for optimal therapy.



中文翻译:

补充肾小球肾炎的失调。

肾小球肾炎(GN)是指由于免疫机制介导的损害而影响肾小球的一组肾脏疾病。疾病表现的很大一部分是由补体系统的紊乱引起的。它们可能是由于遗传错误,自身免疫,微生物或异常的免疫球蛋白(如修饰的IgA或副蛋白)引起的。大多数问题的共同点是过度活跃或方向错误的替代途径补体激活。当怀疑患有肾小球肾炎时,评估肾功能,蛋白尿量和血尿是评估的关键要素。然而,诊断的基石是肾活检和仔细检查补体异常。根据临床特征,无法在各种形式的GN之间进行差异诊断,因为它们可能相差很大。这篇综述描述了导致不同形式的原发性GN(例如IgA肾小球肾炎,致密性沉积物疾病,C3肾小球肾炎,感染后GN,膜性GN)和非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征差异的补体功能障碍的已知机制。它还涵盖了病因指导的治疗和最常见形式的GN预后的基本要素。GN治疗的常见原则包括高血压治疗和蛋白尿减少,有些需要免疫调节治疗。补体抑制是一种新兴的治疗选择。需要对基本的疾病机制有透彻的了解并进行仔细的随访,以达到最佳治疗效果。这篇综述描述了导致不同形式的原发性GN(例如IgA肾小球肾炎,致密性沉积物疾病,C3肾小球肾炎,感染后GN,膜性GN)和非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征差异的补体功能障碍的已知机制。它还涵盖了病因指导的治疗和最常见形式的GN预后的基本要素。GN治疗的常见原则包括高血压治疗和蛋白尿减少,有些需要免疫调节治疗。补体抑制是一种新兴的治疗选择。需要对基本的疾病机制有透彻的了解并进行仔细的随访,以达到最佳治疗效果。这篇综述描述了导致不同形式的原发性GN(例如IgA肾小球肾炎,致密性沉积物疾病,C3肾小球肾炎,感染后GN,膜性GN)和非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征差异的补体功能障碍的已知机制。它还涵盖了病因指导的治疗和最常见形式的GN预后的基本要素。GN治疗的常见原则包括高血压治疗和蛋白尿减少,有些需要免疫调节治疗。补体抑制是一种新兴的治疗选择。需要对基本的疾病机制有透彻的了解并进行仔细的随访,以达到最佳治疗效果。它还涵盖了病因指导的治疗和最常见形式的GN预后的基本要素。GN治疗的常见原则包括高血压治疗和蛋白尿减少,有些需要免疫调节治疗。补体抑制是一种新兴的治疗选择。需要对基本的疾病机制有透彻的了解并进行仔细的随访,以达到最佳治疗效果。它还涵盖了病因指导的治疗和最常见形式的GN预后的基本要素。GN治疗的常见原则包括高血压治疗和蛋白尿减少,有些需要免疫调节治疗。补体抑制是一种新兴的治疗选择。需要对基本的疾病机制有透彻的了解并进行仔细的随访,以达到最佳治疗效果。

更新日期:2019-11-09
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