Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, during which extensive brain development occurs. Since this period also overlaps with the initiation of drug use, it is important to consider how substance use during this time might produce long-term neurobiological alterations, especially against the backdrop of developmental changes in neurotransmission. Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and opioids all produce marked changes in the expression and function of the neurotransmitter and receptor systems with which they interact. These acute and chronic alterations also contribute to behavioral consequences ranging from increased addiction risk to cognitive or neuropsychiatric behavioral dysfunctions. The current review provides an in-depth overview and update of the developmental changes in neurotransmission during adolescence, as well as the impact of drug exposure during this neurodevelopmental window. While most of these factors have been studied in animal models, which are the focus of this review, future longitudinal studies in humans that assess neural function and behavior will help to confirm pre-clinical findings. Furthermore, the neural changes induced by each drug should also be considered in the context of other contributing factors, such as sex. Further understanding of these consequences can help in the identification of novel approaches for preventing and reversing the neurobiological effects of adolescent substance use.

中文翻译：

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青春期神经发育和物质使用：受体表达和行为后果。

青春期是儿童期和成年期之间的过渡期，在此期间会发生大量的大脑发育。由于这一时期也与药物使用的开始重叠，因此重要的是要考虑在这段时间内使用药物如何产生长期的神经生物学改变，尤其是在神经传递发生发展变化的背景下。酒精，大麻，尼古丁和阿片类药物都会在与之相互作用的神经递质和受体系统的表达和功能上产生明显的变化。这些急性和慢性改变也会导致行为后果，从成瘾风险增加到认知或神经精神行为功能障碍。当前的评论提供了有关青春期神经传递的发展变化的深入概述和更新，以及在这个神经发育期中药物暴露的影响。尽管这些因素中的大多数已在动物模型中进行了研究，而动物模型是本文的重点，但未来在人类中进行的评估神经功能和行为的纵向研究将有助于确认临床前的发现。此外，还应在其他促成因素（例如性别）的背景下考虑每种药物引起的神经变化。对这些后果的进一步理解可以帮助确定预防和逆转青少年物质使用的神经生物学效应的新颖方法。未来在人类中进行的评估神经功能和行为的纵向研究将有助于确认临床前的发现。此外，还应在其他促成因素（例如性别）的背景下考虑每种药物引起的神经变化。对这些后果的进一步理解可以帮助确定预防和逆转青少年物质使用的神经生物学效应的新颖方法。未来在人类中进行的评估神经功能和行为的纵向研究将有助于确认临床前的发现。此外，还应在其他促成因素（例如性别）的背景下考虑每种药物引起的神经变化。对这些后果的进一步理解可以帮助确定预防和逆转青少年物质使用的神经生物学效应的新颖方法。