The increasingly intimate bond connecting soft actuation devices and emerging biomedical applications is triggering the development of novel materials with superb biocompatibility and a sensitive actuation capability that can reliably function as bio-use-oriented actuators in a human-friendly manner. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are biocompatible with human tissues/organs, have sufficient water content, are similar to extracellular matrices in structure and chemophysical properties, and are responsive to external environmental stimuli, and these materials have recently attracted massive research interest for fabricating bioactuators. The great potential of employing such hydrogels that respond to various stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light, electricity, and magnetic fields) for actuation purposes has been revealed by their performances in real-time biosensing systems, targeted drug delivery, artificial muscle reconstruction, and cell microenvironment engineering. In this review, the material selection of hydrogels with multiple stimulus-responsive mechanisms for actuator fabrication is first introduced, followed by a detailed introduction to and discussion of the most recent progress in emerging biomedical applications of hydrogel-based bioactuators. Final conclusions, existing challenges, and upcoming development prospects are noted in light of the status quo of bioactuators based on stimulus-responsive hydrogels.

连接软致动装置和新兴的生物医学应用之间越来越紧密的联系正在触发具有卓越的生物相容性和灵敏的致动能力的新型材料的开发，该材料可以以人类友好的方式可靠地充当面向生物用途的致动器。刺激响应水凝胶与人体组织/器官具有生物相容性，具有足够的水含量，在结构和化学物理性质上与细胞外基质相似，并且对外部环境刺激具有响应，这些材料最近吸引了制造生物致动器的大量研究兴趣。使用对各种刺激（例如pH值，温度，光，电，磁场和磁场）已通过其在实时生物传感系统，靶向药物输送，人工肌肉重建和细胞微环境工程中的性能得以揭示。在这篇综述中，首先介绍了用于执行器制造的具有多种刺激响应机制的水凝胶的材料选择，然后详细介绍和讨论了基于水凝胶的生物执行器在新兴生物医学应用中的最新进展。根据基于刺激响应水凝胶的生物促动器的现状，指出了最终结论，存在的挑战和即将到来的发展前景。首先介绍用于执行器制造的具有多种刺激响应机制的水凝胶的材料选择，然后详细介绍和讨论基于水凝胶的生物执行器在新兴生物医学应用中的最新进展。根据基于刺激响应水凝胶的生物促动器的现状，指出了最终结论，存在的挑战和即将到来的发展前景。首先介绍用于执行器制造的具有多种刺激响应机制的水凝胶的材料选择，然后详细介绍和讨论基于水凝胶的生物执行器在新兴生物医学应用中的最新进展。根据基于刺激响应水凝胶的生物促动器的现状，指出了最终结论，存在的挑战和即将到来的发展前景。