We review how distinct features of exotic nuclei arise from characteristics of nuclear forces, with a focus on shell structure. Many of those features are not found in stable nuclei, and are related to an unbalanced proton/neutron ratio combined with unique characteristics of various components of nucleon-nucleon interactions, such as central, tensor, two-body spin-orbit and three-nucleon forces. The basics of the monopole interaction are reinvestigated starting from the definition for open-shell nuclei. We discuss how the evolution of shell structure, or shell evolution, occurs due to the monopole interactions of those forces. We survey, utilizing actual examples, the signatures of shell evolution in many experimental observables of low-energy nuclear physics. Those signatures suggest a massive shift of the `magic paradigm'', which includes the appearance of new magic numbers, such as 16, 32, 34, {\it etc.}, the disappearance of traditional magic numbers, such as 8, 20, 28 {\it etc.}, and other substantial changes of the shell structure, in certain regions of the Segr\e chart. This article reviews further how combined efforts by theoretical and experimental studies provide a comprehensive picture of exotic nuclei from the shell evolution up to their many-body consequences such as shape change/coexistence, mixing/merging of the shells, intruder bands, weak binding effects, {} We shall thus see the richness of the shell evolution in exotic nuclei and the resulting diversity of the physics of nuclei with wide unexplored frontiers.

中文翻译：

---

外来核中壳结构的演变

我们回顾了外来核的独特特征是如何从核力特征中产生的，并着重于壳的结构。这些特征中的许多特征在稳定核中找不到，并且与不平衡的质子/中子比率以及核子-核子相互作用的各个组成部分（例如中心，张量，二体自旋轨道和三核子）的独特特征结合在一起势力。从开壳核的定义开始，重新研究了单极相互作用的基础。我们讨论了由于这些力的单极相互作用，壳结构的演化或壳的演化是如何发生的。我们利用实际的例子，对低能核物理的许多实验可观察物中壳演化的特征进行了调查。这些签名表明“magic paradigm'', which includes the appearance of new magic numbers, such as 16, 32, 34, {\it etc.}, the disappearance of traditional magic numbers, such as 8, 20, 28 {\it etc.}, and other substantial changes of the shell structure, in certain regions of the Segr\图表。本文进一步回顾了理论研究和实验研究如何共同提供从外壳演化到其多体后果（例如形状改变/共存，外壳的混合/融合，入侵者带，弱结合效应）的外来核的全面图像。 ，{}因此，我们将看到外来原子核中壳层进化的丰富性以及由此产生的具有广泛未开发边界的原子核物理多样性。