BACKGROUND Iodine is crucial for normal growth and neurodevelopment. Before 1950, goitre caused by iodine deficiency was widespread in Norway, but decreased significantly after mandatory fortification of animal fodder. Recent dietary changes in milk consumption and fish intake may again have increased the risk of inadequate intakes in some population groups in Norway. The situation for children and adolescents is unclear, and data from nationally representative studies are highly needed. We aimed to describe the iodine intake in Norwegian children and adolescents and estimate the proportion of individuals with an increased risk of suboptimal, adequate and excessive usual iodine intake. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether individuals' characteristics were associated with iodine intake, and to identify the major iodine contributing foods in the diet of this population. METHODS Data from 1722 individuals (4-, 9- and 13-year-olds) from a national dietary survey in Norway from 2015-2016 was used. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. Usual iodine intakes were estimated, stratified by age group and sex and compared to dietary reference intake cut-offs. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between iodine intake and participants' characteristics. The contribution of iodine from different foods was described for all and across different participant groups. RESULTS We estimated that the proportion of participants with an increased risk of a suboptimal usual intake of iodine varied from 3-36%. A significant increased risk was observed for older children and girls compared to younger children and boys. Excessive usual intakes were not observed in any age group. Iodine intake was associated with sex, maternal educational level and area of residence. A lower intake was observed for girls and those with a mother with a low educational level. Moreover, those living in the western part and Mid-Norway had statistically significantly higher intakes compared to those living in the capital city and surroundings. Milk, milk products, cheese, fish and shellfish were the main contributors to iodine intake. Supplements contributed with very little of the total iodine intake. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that the estimated risk of suboptimal usual iodine intakes among children and adolescents in Norway varies according to age, sex, maternal educational level and area of residence. Those with a limited intake of the main dietary contributors to iodine intake may be at risk, and adolescent girls seem to be especially vulnerable.

中文翻译：

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挪威儿童和青少年的碘摄入量：国家饮食调查Ungkost 3（2015-2016）的估计值。

背景技术碘对于正常的生长和神经发育至关重要。1950年之前，由碘缺乏引起的甲状腺肿在挪威很普遍，但在对动物饲料进行强制性设防后，其甲状腺肿大为减少。近期挪威牛奶和鱼类摄入量的饮食变化可能再次增加了挪威某些人群摄入量不足的风险。儿童和青少年的情况尚不清楚，因此非常需要来自全国代表性研究的数据。我们旨在描述挪威儿童和青少年的碘摄入量，并评估次优，充足和过量的普通碘摄入风险增加的个体比例。此外，我们旨在调查个人特征是否与碘摄入有关，并确定该人群饮食中主要的碘贡献食物。方法使用2015年至2016年挪威全国饮食调查中的1 722名个体（4岁，9岁和13岁）的数据。进行了描述性统计和推论统计。估计了通常的碘摄入量，按年龄组和性别进行了分层，并与饮食参考摄入截止值进行了比较。线性回归模型用于评估碘摄入量与参与者特征之间的关联。描述了所有人和不同参与者群体中不同食物中碘的贡献。结果我们估计，碘摄入量低于最佳常规摄入风险的参与者比例为3-36％。与年龄较大的儿童和男孩相比，年龄较大的儿童和女孩的风险显着增加。在任何年龄组中均未观察到过量摄入。碘的摄入量与性别，孕产妇的受教育程度和居住地区有关。女孩和母亲文化程度低的女孩的摄入量较低。此外，与居住在首都和周边地区的人相比，居住在西部和挪威中部的人的摄入量在统计学上显着更高。牛奶，奶制品，奶酪，鱼和贝类是碘摄入量的主要来源。补品占总碘摄入量的很少。结论我们已经证明，挪威儿童和青少年通常摄取碘的最佳风险因年龄，性别，产妇的教育水平和居住地区。那些摄入主要饮食成分导致碘摄入量有限的人可能处于危险之中，青春期女孩似乎特别脆弱。