Training at low to moderate altitudes (~ 1600-2400 m) is a common approach used by endurance athletes to provide a distinctive environmental stressor to augment training stimulus in the anticipation of increasing subsequent altitude- and sea-level-based performance. Despite some scientific progress being made on the impact of various nutrition-related changes in physiology and associated interventions at mountaineering altitudes (> 3000 m), the impact of nutrition and/or supplements on further optimization of these hypoxic adaptations at low-moderate altitudes is only an emerging topic. Within this narrative review we have highlighted six major themes involving nutrition: altered energy availability, iron, carbohydrate, hydration, antioxidant requirements and various performance supplements. Of these issues, emerging data suggest that particular attention be given to the potential risk for poor energy availability and increased iron requirements at the altitudes typical of elite athlete training (~ 1600-2400 m) to interfere with optimal adaptations. Furthermore, the safest way to address the possible increase in oxidative stress associated with altitude exposure is via the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods rather than high-dose antioxidant supplements. Meanwhile, many other important questions regarding nutrition and altitude training remain to be answered. At the elite level of sport where the differences between winning and losing are incredibly small, the strategic use of nutritional interventions to enhance the adaptations to altitude training provides an important consideration in the search for optimal performance.

中文翻译：

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营养和海拔：增强适应性，改善绩效和保持健康的策略：叙事审查。

在中低海拔（〜1600-2400 m）上进行训练是耐力运动员常用的一种方法，它可以提供独特的环境压力源，以增强训练刺激性，从而有望提高随后基于海拔和海平面的表现。尽管在登山海拔（> 3000 m）上各种与营养有关的生理变化和相关干预措施的影响方面已取得了一些科学进展，但营养和/或补品对低中海拔这些低氧适应性的进一步优化的影响仍是只是一个新兴话题。在本篇叙述性评论中，我们重点介绍了涉及营养的六个主要主题：改变能量的可利用性，铁，碳水化合物，水合作用，抗氧化剂的需求以及各种功能性补品。在这些问题中，不断涌现的数据表明，应特别注意在精英运动员训练的典型海拔（约1600-2400 m）上，可能存在的能源不足和铁需求增加的潜在风险，以干扰最佳适应。此外，解决与海拔暴露相关的氧化应激可能增加的最安全方法是食用富含抗氧化剂的食物，而不是高剂量的抗氧化剂。同时，有关营养和高原训练的许多其他重要问题仍有待回答。在精英运动中，获胜和失败之间的差异非常小，为寻求最佳表现而对营养干预措施进行战略性使用以增强对海拔训练的适应性成为了重要考虑因素。