The importance of highly efficient wastewater treatment is evident from aggravated water crises. With the development of green technology, wastewater treatment is required in an eco-friendly manner. Biotechnology is a promising solution to address this problem, including treatment and monitoring processes. The main directions and differences in biotreatment process are related to the surrounding environmental conditions, biological processes, and the type of microorganisms. It is significant to find suitable biotreatment methods to meet the specific requirements for practical situations. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive overview of optimized biotreatment processes for treating wastewater during different conditions. Both the advantages and disadvantages of these biotechnologies are discussed at length, along with their application scope. Then, we elaborated on recent developments of advanced biosensors (i.e. optical, electrochemical, and other biosensors) for monitoring processes. Finally, we discuss the limitations and perspectives of biological methods and biosensors applied in wastewater treatment. Overall, this review aims to project a rapid developmental path showing a broad vision of recent biotechnologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities for scholars in biotechnological fields for “green” wastewater treatment.

从加剧的水危机可以明显看出高效废水处理的重要性。随着绿色技术的发展，需要以环保的方式处理废水。生物技术是解决该问题的有前途的解决方案，包括治疗和监测过程。生物处理过程的主要方向和差异与周围环境条件，生物过程和微生物类型有关。重要的是找到合适的生物处理方法以满足实际情况的特定要求。在这篇综述中，我们首先提供用于在不同条件下处理废水的优化生物处理工艺的综合概述。详细讨论了这些生物技术的优缺点，以及它们的应用范围。然后，我们详细介绍了用于监视过程的高级生物传感器（即光学，电化学和其他生物传感器）的最新发展。最后，我们讨论了生物方法和生物传感器在废水处理中的局限性和前景。总的来说，这篇综述旨在规划一条快速的发展道路，为生物技术领域的学者提供“绿色”废水处理的最新生物技术，应用，挑战和机遇的广阔视野。