Metabolic and biogeochemical consequences of viral infection in aquatic ecosystems.,Nature Reviews Microbiology

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Metabolic and biogeochemical consequences of viral infection in aquatic ecosystems.
Nature Reviews Microbiology ( IF 69.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-05 , DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0270-x
Amy E Zimmerman ₁ , Cristina Howard-Varona ₂ , David M Needham ₃ , Seth G John ₄ , Alexandra Z Worden _{3,

5} , Matthew B Sullivan _{2,

6} , Jacob R Waldbauer ₁ , Maureen L Coleman ₁

Affiliation

Ecosystems are controlled by 'bottom-up' (resources) and 'top-down' (predation) forces. Viral infection is now recognized as a ubiquitous top-down control of microbial growth across ecosystems but, at the same time, cell death by viral predation influences, and is influenced by, resource availability. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the biogeochemical impact of viruses, focusing on how metabolic reprogramming of host cells during lytic viral infection alters the flow of energy and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. Our synthesis revealed several emerging themes. First, viral infection transforms host metabolism, in part through virus-encoded metabolic genes; the functions performed by these genes appear to alleviate energetic and biosynthetic bottlenecks to viral production. Second, viral infection depends on the physiological state of the host cell and on environmental conditions, which are challenging to replicate in the laboratory. Last, metabolic reprogramming of infected cells and viral lysis alter nutrient cycling and carbon export in the oceans, although the net impacts remain uncertain. This Review highlights the need for understanding viral infection dynamics in realistic physiological and environmental contexts to better predict their biogeochemical consequences.

中文翻译：

水生生态系统中病毒感染的代谢和生物地球化学后果。

生态系统由“自下而上”（资源）和“自上而下”（掠夺）力量控制。现在，病毒感染被认为是整个生态系统中微生物生长的普遍自上而下的控制，但与此同时，病毒捕食会导致细胞死亡，并受资源可利用性的影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了了解病毒的生物地球化学影响的最新进展，重点是裂解性病毒感染期间宿主细胞的代谢重编程如何改变水生生态系统中的能量和养分流。我们的综合揭示了几个新兴主题。首先，病毒感染部分地通过病毒编码的代谢基因改变宿主的代谢。这些基因执行的功能似乎减轻了病毒生产的能量和生物合成瓶颈。第二，病毒感染取决于宿主细胞的生理状态和环境条件，这在实验室中很难复制。最后，尽管最终影响尚不确定，但受感染细胞的代谢重编程和病毒裂解改变了海洋中的养分循环和碳出口。这篇综述强调了在现实的生理和环境背景下需要了解病毒感染动态以更好地预测其生物地球化学后果的必要性。

更新日期：2019-11-05

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